Ogden 1982-投射性认同与心理治疗技术第二章之投射性认同概念

2
THE CONCEPT OF PROJECTIVE IDENTIFICATION—
Psychoanalytic theory suffers from a paucity of concepts and language to describe the interplay between phenomena in an intrapsychic sphere and phenomena in the spheres of external reality and interpersonal relations. Since projective identification represents one such bridging formulation, it is to the detriment of psychoanalytic thinking that this concept remains one of the most loosely defined and incompletely understood of psychoanalytic conceptualizations.
PROJECTIVE IDENTIFICATION AS FANTASY AND OBJECT RELATIONSHIP
     As discussed in chapter 1, through projective identification the projector has the primarily unconscious fantasy of ridding himself of unwanted aspects of the self; depositing those unwanted parts in another person; and finally, recovering a modified version of what was extruded.
    Projective identification will be discussed as if it were a sequence of three phases or steps (Malin & Grotstein, 1966).
11

第二章 投射性认同的概念

对于心灵内部现象和外部现实人际互动现象间的相互影响，精神分析理论缺乏概念和语言来描述。既然投射性认同提供了这样一个桥接的构想,那么认为此概念（投射性认同）仅仅是对精神分析概念化的最轻率的定义和不完全的理解之一，这样的想法对精神分析思想有害无益。

幻想的投射性认同和客体关系

正如第1章所讨论的,通过投射性认同，投射者首先产生无意识幻想来摆脱“有害”自我部分;（接着）把那些有害的部分投置到他人身上;最后,回收了一个投射出去部分的修订版。
投射性认同看似讨论了一种序列发生的三段或三步（参见 Malin & Grotstein, 1966）。

11


However, the notion of there being three aspects of a single psychological event better conveys the sense of simultaneity and interdependence that befits the three aspects of projective identification that will be discussed. In a schematic way, one can think of projective identification as a process involving the following sequence of events. First, there is the unconscious fantasy of projecting a part of oneself into another person and of that part taking over the person from within.1 Then, there is a pressure exerted through the interpersonal interaction such that the recipient of the projection experiences pressure to think, feel, and behave in a manner congruent with the projection. Finally, after being "psychologically processed” by the recipient, the projected feelings are re-internalized by the projector.
Phase One
     The first step of projective identification must be understood in terms of wishes to rid oneself of a part of the self (including one's internal objects), either because that part threatens to destroy the self from within or because one feels that the part is in danger of attack by other aspects of the self and must be safeguarded by being held inside a protective person. This latter psychological use of projective identification was prominent in a schizophrenic adolescent.
         The patient, L.，vehemently insisted that he opposed psychiatric treatment and was only coming to his sessions because his parents and the therapist were forcing him to do so. In reality, this 18-year-old could have resisted far more
---------
1-The term projection will be used here to refer to the fantasy of expelling a part of the self that is involved in the first phase of projective identification, as distinct from the type of projection that occurs outside the context of a projcctive identification. The nature of the difference between projection as an independent process and projection as a part of projcctive identification will be discussed later in this chapter.
12



但是，这个概念认为单一的心理事件存在着三个方面，较好的传达出了同时性和即将讨论的投射性认同三个层面的互相依赖。我们可以框架式的认为投射性认同设计了下列的事件顺序。首先，存在一个无意识幻想，将某人自己的一部分放进了另一个人身上，并幻想那一部分从内在掌控了这个人。（注1） 然后，通过人际互动实施压力，使得投射的接受者体验压力来按照投射进行思考，感受和行动。最后，经过了接受者的“心理加工”，被投射出的情感被投射者再度内化。

第一阶段
投射性认同的第一步应理解为一个人如其所愿摆脱了自我的某部分（包括内在客体），因为那部分（自我）威胁从内在破坏自我，或因为这个人感到了这部分（自我）处于被自我其他部分攻击的危险之中，必须通过置于某个防护者的内部来进行保护。投射性认同的后一种心理应用在一位精神分裂症青少年身上非常显著。
L患者，竭力坚持反对精神治疗，仅仅在父母和治疗师强行要求才进入对话。事实上，这位年仅十八的患者原可以精力充沛的抵抗得更久些，以他的能力破坏任何治疗企图。
-----
注1：在这里“投射”这个词用于表达投射性认同的第一阶段中驱逐自我的一部分，这与投射性认同语境外的投射类型不同。作为独立过程的投射以及作为投射性认同的一部分的投射，其间的差异将会在后续章节中讨论。

12


     energetically than he did and had it well within his power to sabotage any treatment attempt. However, it was important for him to maintain the fantasy that all of his wishes for treatment and for recovery were located in his parents and in the therapist, so that these wishes would not be endangered by the parts of himself that he felt were powerfully destructive and intent on the annihilation of his self.
     A., a 14-year-old psychotic obsessional patient demonstrates the type of projective identification involving the unconscious fantasy of getting rid of an unwanted, "bad” part of the self by putting it into another person.
         A. frequently talked about wishing to put his "sick brain” into the therapist, who would then have to obsessively add up the numbers on every license plate that he saw and be tormented by fears that every time he touched something that was not his, people would accuse him of trying to steal it. This patient made it clear that his fantasy was not one of simply ridding himself of something; it was also a fantasy of inhabiting another person and controlling him from within. His "sick brain” would in fantasy torment the therapist from within, just as it was currently tormenting the patient.
     This type of fantasy is based on a primitive idea that feelings and ideas are concrete objects with lives of their own. These "objects” are felt to be located inside oneself，but capable of being removed and placed in another person, thereby relieving the self of the effects of containing them. The obsessional patient just described would often in the course of a therapy hour turn his head violently to the side in an effort to "shake loose” a given worry.
     The fantasy of putting a part of oneself into another person and controlling that person from within reflects a central aspect of projective identification: the projector is operating at least in part at a developmental level wherein there is profound blurring
     
13



然而,对他来说重要的是抱有幻想——他所有治疗和痊愈的希望都在于他的父母和治疗师,如此一来，这些愿望将不会被他自己的部分所灭绝，他感觉到这部分有着强烈的破坏性和抱定了毁灭自我的决心。
A.，一个14岁的精神病妄想症患者呈现了投射性认同的类型，包括无意识幻想以摆脱有害(自我)部分，放在别人身上的“坏”自我的部分。
A经常谈到希望把他的“病态大脑”放在治疗师身上，（这样治疗师）他将不得不着魔般把看到的每个车牌数字累加起来,被触摸不属于他的东西后引发人们指控其偷窃的恐惧所折磨。这个患者明确表示,他的幻想并不是简单摆脱自己的某些东西,它也是栖息于他人身上的幻想，并且从其内在控制他。他的“病态大脑”将会从内部折磨治疗师,正如当前折磨这位患者一样。
这种类型的幻想是基于原始的想法——情感和想法是他们生活的有形的客体。这些“客体”被某人感觉位于自己内部，但可以被移除并放置到另一个人身上，从而缓解了对容纳着它们（客体）的自我的影响。上诉的妄想患者常常在治疗小时内猛烈地把头转向一边来试图“抖松”被给与的烦恼。
把自己的一部分放进另一个人身上并且从内部控制这个人，这样的幻想反映了投射性认同的一个核心部分：投射者至少部分的站在发展水平上进行操作，其中有着自我和客体代表之间深远而模糊的界限。
13


of boundaries between self and object representations. In the projector's fantasy, the recipient experiences the projector's feeling—not merely a similar feeling, but the projectors actual feeling—which has been transplanted into the recipient. The projector feels "at one with” (Schafer, 1974) the recipient, whereas in projection, the projector feels estranged from, threatened by, bewildered by, or out of touch with the recipient. The person involved in projection might ask, "Why would anyone act in such an angry way when there is nothing to be angry about? There’s something the matter with him." Of course, the contrasting processes are rarely found in pure form; instead, one regularly finds a mixture of the two, with greater or lesser preponderance of feelings of oneness or of estrangement.
Phase Two
     In the second phase, the projector exerts pressure on the recipient to experience himself and behave in a way congruent with the unconscious projective fantasy. This is not an imaginary pressure, but rather, real pressure exerted by means of a multitude of interactions between the projector and the recipient. Projective identification does not exist where there is no interaction between projector and recipient.
         A 12-year-old inpatient, who as an infant had been violently intruded upon psychologically and physically, highlights this aspect of projective identification. The patient said and did almost nothing on the ward but made her presence powerfully felt by perpetually jostling and bumping into people, especially her therapist. This was generally experienced as infuriating by other patients and by the staff. In the therapy hours (often a play therapy), her therapist said that he felt as if there were no space in the room for him. Everywhere he stood seemed to be her spot. This form of interaction represents a form of object relationship wherein
14



在投射者的幻想中，接受者经验着投射者的情感———不仅仅是相似的情感，而是投射者实实在在的情感——这情感已被移植于接受者身上。投射者感觉与接受者“在一起”（谢弗，1974年），而在投射中，投射者感到疏远，被威胁，手足无措，与接受者失去联系。卷入投射中的人可能会问,“明明没有值得生气的，为什么会有人表现这样一个愤怒的方式呢？他一定出了什么问题。”当然,很少会看到这两种对照的过程单一的出现;相反,我们常常发现两者混合出现，伴随着或多或少的一致的或疏远背离的感觉。

第二阶段
在第二个阶段,投射者对接受者施加压力使其与自己体验一致并按照其无意识投射性幻想行动。这不是一个虚构的压力,而是通过投射者和接受者之间大量的相互作用而施加的真实压力。没有投射者和接受者之间的相互作用，投射性认同就不存在。
A，十二岁住院患者，婴儿时即被心理上和生理上粗暴的侵入，突出体现了投射性认同的这一方面。在病房中患者几乎什么也不说不做,但却不断的推撞碰到人群，尤其是她的治疗师，让人强烈感觉到她的存在。这常常招致其他患者和工作人员的怒火。在治疗时间(通常是一个游戏疗法),她的治疗师说,他觉得房间里好像没有他的位置。他所在的每一个地方似乎都是她的位置。这种形式的交互代表一种客体关系,患者会迫使治疗师体验自己是无可逃避的被侵入。

14

     the patient puts pressure on the therapist to experience himself as inescapably intruded upon. This interpersonal interaction constitutes the induction phase of this patient’s projective identification.
    The psychotic obsessional patient, A.，mentioned earlier consistently generated a type of therapeutic interaction that illuminated the induction phase of projective identification.
         A. was born with pyloric stenosis and suffered from severe projectile vomiting for the entire first month of his life before the condition was diagnosed and surgically corrected. Since then he has imagined himself to be inhabited by attacking presences: scolding parents, burning stomach pains, tormenting worries, and powerful rage over which he feels little or no control. The initial phases of his therapy consisted almost exclusively of his attempts to torment the therapist by kicking the therapist's furniture, repeatedly ringing the waiting room buzzer, and ruminating without pause in a high-pitched whine. All of this invited retaliatory anger on the part of the therapist, and it was to the extent that the therapist experienced feelings of extreme tension and helpless rage that the patient felt momentarily calmed. The patient was fully conscious of both his attempts to make the therapist angry, and the calming, soothing effect that this had on him.
    This was an enactment of the patient’s fantasy that anger and tension were noxious agents within him that he attempted to get rid of by placing them in the therapist. However, as with his projectile vomiting, there was no simple solution: the noxious agents (anger, food, parents) were also essential for life. Projective identification offered a compromise solution wherein the patient could in fantasy rid himself of the noxious but life-giving objects, while at the same time keeping them alive inside a partially separate object. This solution would have been merely a fantasy without the accompanying object relationship, in which
15



这种人际互动构成了患者投射性认同的诱导期。前面提及的精神病妄想症患者A，持续发生治疗互动，显现了投射性认同的诱导期。
A，出生时患有幽门狭窄，在其人生的前数月获得诊断和手术治疗前，忍受着严重的喷射性呕吐。从那时以来，他幻想自己被攻击性事物所占据：责骂的父母，烧灼般的胃痛,令人苦恼的担忧，强大的怒火,让他感到几乎无法控制。构成他治疗的初始阶段的几乎都是踢治疗师的家具，反复按下候诊室蜂鸣器，尖声哀鸣式的反复琢磨毫不停歇，以试图折磨治疗师。所有这些邀请着治疗师身上的报复性的愤怒,在某种程度上,治疗师经历着极端的紧张和无助的愤怒,患者感到暂时的平息。患者充分的意识到他使治疗师生气的企图，以及这给他带来的平静和缓解。
这是患者幻想的实施，愤怒和紧张是他内部有毒物质，他试图通过将其放入治疗师身上来摆脱。然而,正如喷射性呕吐一样,没有单纯解决方案:有毒物质(愤怒、食物、父母)也是生活必需。投射性认同提供了一个折中方案,患者可以在幻想中让自己摆脱有毒,但给与生命的客体,同时让他们存活于一个部分分离的客体。如果没有对应的客体关系，这个解决方案将仅仅是一种幻想，而这个客体关系中患者施加了可怕的压力在治疗师身上使其依照投射性幻想。

15

the patient exerted terrific pressure on the therapist to conform to the projective fantasy. When there was evidence of verification of the projection (that is, when the therapist showed evidence of tension and anger), the patient experienced a sense of relief, since that offered confirmation that the noxious but life-giving agents had been both extruded and preserved.
    From a family observational viewpoint Warren Brodey
(1965)    has studied one mode of interaction that serves to generate pressure to comply with a projective fantasy. He describes very vividly the way one member of a family may manipulate reality in an effort to coerce another member into "verifying” a projection. Reality that is not useful in confirming a projection is treated as if it did not exist. (See Zinner & Shapiro, 1972, for corroborating clinical data from work with families of adolescents.) This manipulation of reality and the resultant undermining of reality testing is but one technique in the generation of pressure for compliance with an unconscious projective fantasy.
     One further point that needs to be made with regard to the induction of a projective identification is the "or else” that looms behind the pressure to comply with the projective identification. I have described elsewhere (Ogden, 1976, chapter 5) the pressure on an infant to behave in a manner congruent with the mother's pathology, and the ever-present threat that if the infant fails to comply, he would cease to exist for the mother. This threat is the muscle behind the demand for compliance: "If you are not what I need you to be, you don't exist for me," or in other language, ”I can see in you only what I put there. If I don’t see that, I see nothing." In the therapeutic interaction, the therapist is made to feel the force of the fear of becoming nonexistent for the patient if he ceases to behave in compliance with the patient’s projective identification. (See Ogden, 1978a, chapter 6，for a detailed discussion of a therapy revolving around this issue.)
     Through the projector's interaction with the recipient, two aspects of the fantasy are verified: (1) the idea that the recipient has the characteristics of the projected aspects of the self, and (2)
16

当有投射的实凿证据(也就是说,当医生呈现出紧张和愤怒的迹象),患者体验到释然,因为这这证实了有害的但生命所需的媒介们已被排除并保存。
从家庭观察的角度沃伦.布罗迪(Warren Brodey)(1965)研究了一种交互模式,这种模式用来产生压力以便依照投射性幻想。他生动地描述了家庭的某个成员方法可能操纵现实以试图强迫另一个成员“验证”投射用来实现投射的显示部分则往往被忽视仿佛并不存在。(Zinner & Shapiro，1972,来自与青少年家庭工作的确凿临床资料）。这种操纵现实和现实检验的合成破坏仅仅只是为了符合无意识投射性幻想而生成压力的技术的一种。
更进一步观点，需要考虑到投射性认同的导入是隐现在遵照投射性幻想压力背后的“否则”。我在其他地方描述(奥格登,1976年,第5章)了作用在婴儿身上的压力，使其行为的方式某种程度上与母亲的病态相符,以及无所不在的威胁——如果婴儿未能遵守,他对母亲而言将不复存在。这种威胁是服从需要的皮下之肉:“如果你不是我所需要的样子，对我来说就不存在”，或换句话说,“在你身上我只会看见我植入的样子。如果看不到这些，我就什么都没看见。”在治疗互动中,当治疗师不再表现的符合患者投射性认同，他会感受到患者对不复存在的恐惧的力量。(见奥格登,1978年,第6章,for a detailed discussion of a therapy revolving around this issue.围绕该主题的治疗的详细论述。)
通过投射者的与接受者的互动,幻想的两个方面得以验证:(1)接受者有着被投射出的自我的特性这一理念,和(2)客体（对象）是由投射者控制着的。

16

that the object is being controlled by the projector. In fact, the influence is real, but it is not the imagined absolute control by means of transplanted aspects of the self inhabiting the object; rather, it is an external pressure exerted by means of interpersonal interaction. This brings us to the third phase of projective identification, which involves the psychological processing of the projection by the recipient, and the reinternalization of the modified projection by the projector.
Phase Three
     In this phase the recipient experiences himself in part as he is pictured in the projective fantasy. In reality, however, the recipient’s experience is a new set of feelings experienced by a person different from the projector. They may approximate those of the projector, but they are not identical: the recipient is the author of his own feelings. Albeit feelings elicited under a very specific kind of pressure from the projector, they are the product of a different personality system with different strengths and weaknesses. This fact opens the door to the possibility that the projected feelings (more accurately, the congruent set of feelings elicited in the recipient) will be handled differently from the manner in which the projector has been able to handle them.
     If the recipient can deal with the feelings projected into him in a way that differs from the projector's method, a new set of feelings is generated. This can be viewed as a processed version of the original projected feelings and might involve the sense that the projected feelings, thoughts, and representations can be lived with, without damaging other aspects of the self or of one's valued external or internal objects (cf. Little, 1966). The new experience (or amalgam of the projected feelings plus aspects of the recipient) could even include the sense that the feelings in question can be valued and at times enjoyed. It must be kept in mind that the idea of "successful” processing is a relative one and
17



事实上,影响是真实的,但它不是想象的通过将部分自我移植到客体内部来进行的绝对控制;相反,它是通过人际互动施加的外部压力。这就引出了投射性认同的第三阶段,包括接受者对投射的心理加工,以及投射者对修改后的投射的再度内化。

第三阶段
在这个阶段，接受者在某种程度上体验到自己被投射者定影在投射性幻想中。然而,在现实中,接受者的经验是一组被与投射者不同的人所经验的新的情感。他们可能接近投射者的，但并不相同:接受者是自己的情感的创作者。虽然这情感是由来自投射者的独特的压力所引发的,他们仍是一个有着不同的优势和劣势的不同的人格系统的产物。这个事实打开了一扇门，通向一种可能性——被投射的情感（更精确的说，在接受者身上引发的一致的情感） 将被一种不同的方式来处理，而与投射者所能应对的方式相异.
如果接受者能以不同于投射者的方式来处理被投射给自己的情感，新的情感就产生了。这可以看做最初被投射出来的情感的加工后版本，涉及到这样的感受——最初被投射的情感，想法和表现可以在一个人的部分自我或者重要的内在和外在客体不被伤害的情况下与之共存（cf。Little， 1966）。新的体验(或者说被投射的情感和接受者的部分的合成物)甚至可能包括感觉到问题情感是有价值的甚至有时是被悦纳的。必须牢记,“成功”的处理是一个相对的概念,所有的处理都将是不完全的和某种程度上被接受者的病理部分所污染的。
17

that all processing will be incomplete and contaminated to an extent by the pathology of the recipient.
     This digested projection is available through the recipient’s interactions with the projector for internalization by the projector. The nature of this internalization (actually a reinternalization) depends upon the maturational level of the projector and would range from primitive types of introjection to mature types of identification (cf. Schafer, 1968). Whatever the form of the reinternalization process, it offers the projector the potential for attaining new ways of handling feelings that he formerly wished to disavow. To the extent that the projection is successfully processed and reinternalized, genuine psychological growth has occurred.
     The following is an example of projective identification involving a recipient more integrated and mature than the projector.
          Mr. K. had been a patient in analysis for about a year, and the treatment seemed to both patient and analyst to have bogged down. The patient repetitively questioned whether he was "getting anything out of it?" and stated, "Maybe it s a waste of time—it seems pointless，" and so forth. He had always paid his bills grudgingly but had begun to pay them progressively later and later, to the point where the analyst began to wonder if the patient would discontinue treatment, leaving one or two months, bills unpaid. Also, as the sessions dragged on, the analyst thought about colleagues who held 50-minute sessions instead of 55-minute ones, and charged the same fee as himself. Just before the beginning of one session, the analyst considered shortening the hour by making the patient wait a couple of minutes before letting him into the office. All of this occurred without attention being focused on it either by the patient or the analyst. Gradually, the analyst found himself having difficulty ending the sessions on time because of an intense
18



这种消化后的投射可以通过接受者与投射者的互动来被投射者内化。这种内化的本质(实际上是再内化)取决于投射者的成熟的水平，从而涵盖了原始类型的內摄到成熟类型的认同(cf。Schafer,1968)。无论再内化过程采用何种形式，它为投射者提供了潜在的可能，使用新的方式处理早先否认的情感。在某种程度上,投射者成功进行了处理和再内化,真实的心理成长就发生了。
以下这个投射性认同的例子，涉及的接受者比投射者更完整和成熟。
K先生，进入分析大约一年时间,治疗对于患者和分析师似乎都陷入困境。患者反复质疑他“得到了什么呢?”,并说,“也许这是浪费时间——这似乎毫无意义,”等等。他一直不情愿的支付账单，但已经开始支付得越来越晚,以至于分析师开始怀疑患者打算留下一或两个月账单不付，停止治疗。随着治疗单元的延长,分析师想到了同行们都是50分钟而不是55分钟的时间,却和他收取相同的费用。就在会话开始前,分析师考虑缩短钟头，让患者等几分钟进办公室。患者和分析师都没有注意到发生的这一切。渐渐的，如果没有注意力被集中在它通过患者或分析师。渐渐地,分析师发现自己难以准时结束会面,因为一种强烈而内疚的情感——他没有给患者“等价的（服务）。”

18

      
guilt feeling that he was not giving the patient "his money’s worth."
     When this difficulty with time had occurred repeatedly over several months, the analyst gradually began to understand his trouble in maintaining the ground rules of the analysis: he had been feeling greedy for expecting to be paid for his "worthless” work and was defending himself against such feelings by being overly generous with his time. With this understanding of the feelings that were being engendered in him by the patient, the analyst was able to take a fresh look at the patient's material. Mr. K.’s father had deserted him and his mother when the patient was 15 months old. Without ever explicitly saying so, his mother had blamed the patient for this. The unspoken shared feeling was that the patient’s greediness for the mother’s time, energy, and affection had resulted in the father’s desertion. The patient developed an intense need to disown and deny feelings of greed. He could not tell the analyst that he wished to meet more frequently because he experienced this wish as greediness that would result in abandonment by the (transference) father and attack by the (transference) mother that he saw in the analyst. Instead, the patient insisted that the analysis and the analyst were totally undesirable and worthless. The interaction had subtly engendered in the analyst an intense feeling of greed, which was felt to be so unacceptable to the analyst that at first he too tried to deny and disown it.
     For the analyst, the first step in integrating the feeling of greediness was perceiving himself experiencing guilt and defending himself against his feelings of greed. He could then mobilize an aspect of himself that was interested in understanding his greedy and guilty feelings, rather than trying to deny, disguise, displace, or project them. Essential for this aspect of psychological work was the analyst's feeling that he could have greedy and guilty feelings without

     19



当这个困境随时间流逝反复发生了几个月,这位分析师逐渐开始理解他无法坚持分析底线的困难：他一直体会到贪婪感——期望着他“一文不值”的工作得到支付,并通过过度慷慨的付出时间来防御自己这种情感。随着分析师理解了患者在他身上激起的这种情感，他就能够用新的视角来看待患者的材料。K先生的父亲在他十五个月大的时候遗弃了他和他的母亲。虽然没有明确的这样说，他的母亲却将此归咎于患者。不言而喻的共同感觉是患者对于母亲的时间，精力和情感的贪婪索取导致了父亲的遗弃。患者发展出强烈的需要来否认和拒绝贪婪的感觉。他不能告诉分析师,他希望更频繁的会面因为他将此体验为贪婪，而贪婪将招致他带入咨询师身上的（移情的）父亲的遗弃，以及（移情的）母亲的攻击。相反,患者坚持分析和分析师是完全不受欢迎的,一文不值。这种互动巧妙的在分析师身上引起了一种强烈的贪婪感——对咨询师而言感觉如此的不受欢迎以至于起初他（患者）也试图拒绝和否认它。
对分析师来说,整合贪婪感的第一步是发觉自己正体验着内疚感并防御着自己的贪婪感。他可以调动有兴趣了解自己的贪婪和内疚感的那一部分自我，而不是试图否认,伪装,转移和投射它们。对于这方面的心理工作所必需的是分析的感觉——他本可以有贪婪感和内疚感，而不被它们所伤害。
19

    being damaged by them. It was not the analyst's greedy feelings that were interfering with his therapeutic work; rather, it was his need to disavow such feelings by denying them and by putting them into defensive activity. As the analyst became aware of, and was able to live with, this aspect of himself and of his patient, he became better able to handle the financial and time boundaries of the therapy. He no longer felt that he had to hide the fact that he was glad to receive money given in payment for his work.
         After some time, the patient commented as he handed the analyst a check (on time) that the analyst seemed happy to get "a big, fat check” and that that wasn't very becoming to a psychiatrist. The analyst chuckled and said that it is nice to receive money. During this interchange, the analyst’s acceptance of his hungry, greedy, devouring feelings, together with his ability to integrate those feelings with other feelings of healthy self-interest and self-worth, was made available for internalization by the patient. The analyst at this point chose not to interpret the patient’s fear of his own greed and his defensive, projective fantasy. Instead, the therapy consisted of digesting the projection and making it available for reinternalization through the therapeutic interaction.
    In light of the above discussion, it is worth considering whether this understanding of projective identification may not bear directly on the question of the means by which psychotherapy and psychoanalysis contribute to psychological growth. It may be that the essence of what is therapuetic for the patient lies in the therapist's ability to receive the patient’s projections, utilize facets of his own more mature personality system to process the projection, and then make the digested projection available for reinternalization through the therapeutic interaction (Langs, 1976; Malin & Grotstein, 1966; Racker, 1957; Searles, 1963).
20



并非是分析师的贪婪感干扰了他的治疗工作,更确切地说,他需要通过拒绝贪婪感，把它们置于防御行动来否认这样的情感。当分析师意识到并能够与自己以及患者的这部分共处，他能更好的处理治疗的费用和时间。他不再感到需要隐藏这样一个事实——他很高兴收到为其工作所付的金钱。
一段时间后，当这位患者交给分析师一张支票（按时）时评论说分析师看上去很高兴收到“一张大而丰厚的支票”，以及这和精神分析师（的身份）可不相称。分析师轻声笑着说收到钱确实好。在这种交互中，分析师对他的渴望，贪婪，毁灭性情感的接纳，连同他有能力整合那些情感与其他健康的利己主义和自我价值等情感，使得患者的内化变得可能了。在这一点上分析师选择不解释患者对自己贪婪的恐惧和他的防御,投射性幻想。相反,治疗包括了消化投射并使其通过治疗性互动被内化。
根据上述讨论,值得考虑的是对投射性认同的这种理解对于曾在心理成长方面卓有成效的心理治疗和精神分析所采用的方法上是否不能直接取得成效。对患者而言治疗的真髓在于分析师这样的能力：接收患者的投射，利用自己更成熟的人格体系的方面来处理投射，以及使得消化后的投射可以通过治疗互动被再次内化(Langs, 1976; Malin & Grotstein, 1966; Racker, 1957; Searles, 1963)。

20

THE EARLY DEVELOPMENTAL SETTING
     Projective identification is a psychological process that is at once a type of defense, a mode of communication, a primitive form of object relations, and a pathway for psychological change. As a defense, projective identification serves to create a sense of psychological distance from unwanted, often frightening aspects of the self. As a mode of communication, projective identification is a process by which feelings congruent with one’s own are induced in another person, thereby creating a sense of being understood by or "at one with” the other person. As a type of object relations, projective identification constitutes a way of being with and relating to a partially separate object. Finally, as a pathway for psychological change, projective identification is a process by which feelings like those that one is struggling with are psychologically processed by another person and made available for reinternalization in an altered form.
     Each of these functions of projective identification evolves in the context of the infant's early attempts to perceive, organize, and manage his internal and external experience and to communicate with his environment. The infant is faced with an extremely complicated, confusing, and frightening barrage of stimuli. With the help of a "good-enough" mother (Winnicott, 1952), the infant can begin to organize his experience. In this effort toward organization, the infant discovers the value of keeping dangerous, painful, frightening experiences separate from comforting, soothing, calming ones (Freud, 1920). This kind of "splitting" becomes established as a basic part of the early psychological modes of organization and defense (Jacobson, 1964; Kernberg, 1976). As an elaboration of and support for this mode of organization, the infant utilizes fantasies of ridding himself of aspects of himself (projective fantasies) and fantasies of taking into himself aspects of others (introjective fantasies). These modes of thought help the infant to keep what is psychologically
21



早期发展环境

投射性认同是一种心理过程，同时也是防御，交流模式，原始客体关系类型，以及心理变化之路。作为防御，投射性认同有助于创造一种与有害的甚至令人恐惧的自我部分保持距离的感觉。作为交流模式，投射性认同是这样一个过程——与自己一致的情感在另一个人身上引发，继而创造出被理解或者与另一个人在一起的感觉。作为客体关系类型，投射性认同构成了和一个部分分离的客体在一起和相关联的方式。最后，作为心理变化之路，投射性认同是一种加工，在其中那些某人与之斗争的情感被另一个人心理上加工并且使其以改变了的形式被再次内化。
投射性认同的这些功能，每一项都在婴儿早期试图感知，组织和管理其内部和外部经验和与周边环境连接中发展起来。婴儿面临着极其复杂,混乱,和令人恐惧的感官刺激的轰炸。在一个“足够好的妈妈”（温尼科特，1952）的帮助下，婴儿可以开始组织自己的经验。在朝向组织结构的努力中，婴儿发现了将危险，痛苦，恐惧的经验与舒适，安慰，平静的经验(弗洛伊德,1920)相分离的价值。这种“分裂"成为一早期的组织结构和防御(Jacobson, 1964; Kernberg,1976)的心理模式一个基本成分。作为组织结构的这种模式的细化和支持，婴儿利用幻想摆脱部分自己（投射性幻想），幻想将他人的部分带入自己内部（內摄性幻想）。这些思考模式帮助婴儿保持心理价值远离,以及在幻想的安全中远离，那些让他感到危险和毁灭性的事物。
21

valued separate from, and in fantasy safe from, what is felt to be dangerous and destructive.
These attempts at psychological organization and stability occur within the context of the mother-infant dyad. Spitz (1965) describes the earliest ”quasi-telepathic” communication between mother and infant as being of a ”coenesthetic” type, wherein sensing is visceral and stimuli are "received" as opposed to being "perceived"。 The mother’s affective state is ”received” by the infant and is registered in the form of emotions. The mother also utilizes a coenesthetic mode of communication. Winnicott discusses the state of heightened maternal receptivity that is seen in the mother of a newborn:
     I    do not believe it is possible to understand the functioning of the mother at the very beginning of the infant's life without seeing that she must be able to reach this state of heightened sensitivity, almost an illness, and then recover from it— Only if a mother is sensitized in the way I am describing can she feel herself into the infant’s place, and so meet the infant’s needs. (Winnicott, 1956，p. 302)
It is in this developmental setting that the infant develops the process of projective identification as a mode of fantasy with accompanying object relations that serve both defensive and communicative functions. Projective identification is an adjunct to the infant's efforts at keeping what is felt to be good at a safe distance from what is felt to be bad and dangerous. Aspects of the infant can in fantasy be deposited in another person in such a way that the infant does not feel that he has lost contact either with that part of himself or with the other person.
In terms of communication, projective identification is a means by which the infant can feel understood by making the mother feel what her child is feeling. The infant cannot verbalize his feelings so instead must induce those feelings in the mother. In addition to serving as a mode of interpersonal commu-
22

这些心理结构和稳定性的尝试发生在母婴二元情境中。施皮茨(1965)将这最早期母亲和婴儿之间的“准-心灵感应”的交流描述为“共感”（coenesthetic）类型,其中感觉是本能的，而与感知相反，刺激是被接受到的。母亲的情感状态被婴儿接收到并以情感方式记录下来。母亲也利用了交流的共感方式。温尼科特也论述了在刚刚生下孩子的母亲身上所观察到的这种母体的高度敏感性：
我认为如果不能理解母亲必须先达到高度敏感状态，几乎是病态的,然后从中恢复，就不可能理解在婴儿生命的初始母亲的这种功能——她只有达到这种感应方式，才能从婴儿的位置感受到自己，并且满足婴儿的需要。(Winnicott, 1956，p. 302)
正是在这种发展环境下，婴儿发展出作为幻想模式的投射性认同，同时还有客体关系——作为防御也作为交际的功能。投射性认同是婴儿努力将感受为好的方面和感觉为坏的和危险的部分保持在一个安全距离之外而发展出的附属品。这样一来婴儿的部分在幻想中得以存入另一个人身上，这样婴儿就不会感到与自己的这部分或者与这另一人失去了连接。
在沟通方面,投射性认同是婴儿能够使得其母亲感其所感的方式。婴儿无法言说其情感，于是代之以在母亲身上诱导出那些情感。
22


nication, projective identification constitutes a primitive type of object relationship, a basic way of being with an object that is psychologically only partially separate. It is a transitional form of object relationship that lies between the stage of the subjective object and that of true object relatedness.
This brings us to the fourth function of projective identification, that of a pathway for psychological change. Let us imagine that a child is frightened by his wish to annihilate anyone who frustrates or opposes him. The child may handle these feelings by unconsciously projecting his destructive wishes into his mother and，through the real interaction with her, engender feelings in her that she is a ruthless, selfish person who wishes to demolish anything standing in the way of the satisfaction of her aims and wishes. For example, the child could exhibit persistently stubborn behavior in many areas of daily activity, by making a major battle out of eating, toileting, dressing, going to sleep at night, getting up in the morning, being left with another caretaker, and so forth. The mother might unrealistically begin to feel that she perpetually storms around the house in a frenzy of frustrated rage ready to kill those that stand between her and what she desires.
A mother who had not adequately resolved her own conflicts about destructive wishes and impulses would find it difficult to live with these feelings. She might attempt to deal with them by withdrawing from and refusing to touch the child. Or she might become hostile, even assaultive or dangerously careless with him. In order to keep the child from becoming the target, the mother might displace or project her feelings onto her husband, parents, employer, or friends. Alternatively, the mother may feel so guilty about or frightened of these feelings of frustration and destruction, that she might become overprotective, never allowing the child to roam out of her sight or be adventurous for fear that he might get hurt. This type of "closeness” may become highly sexualized, for example by the mothers constantly caressing the child in an effort to demonstrate to herself that she is not harming him with her touch.
23




除了作为人际互动的模式之外，投射性认同也构成了客体关系的原始类型，一种与心理上的仅仅部分分离的客体在一起的基本途径。它是客体关系在主观性客体阶段和真实客体关系阶段之间的过渡形式。
这将我们引至投射性认同的第四项功能，心理改变之路。让我们想象一个孩子被自己的愿望——毁灭任何挫败或反对他的人——吓到了。孩子可能通过将这些毁灭性的愿望无意识的投射到自己母亲身上来应对这些感觉，通过与母亲的真实的互动，在她身上造成了这样的感觉——她是个无情自私的人，想要毁掉任何妨碍她目标和愿望得到满足的人。例如,在日常活动的诸多方面，孩子持续表现出顽固的行为,通过饮食，洗漱，穿着，夜间入睡，清晨起床，被留给另一个照料者等等方式制造主要斗争。母亲可能会不切实际地开始觉得她永远在房子各处大发雷霆，处在一种受挫的暴怒中，时刻想要杀死那些挡在了她和她的期望之间的东西。
一个没有充分解决自己的破坏性愿望和冲动的冲突的母亲，会发现很难忍受这些感受。她可能会通过离开孩子，拒绝接触孩子来试着处理。或者她可能变的怀有敌意,甚至倾向攻击或者危险的忽视他。为了不让孩子成为目标,母亲可能会转移或投射其情感到丈夫,父母、雇主,或朋友身上。或者,母亲可能会觉得如此内疚或害怕这些挫折和毁灭的感觉,以至于她可能会变得过分溺爱,再不允许孩子离开她的视线或冒险,因为担心他可能会受伤。这类“亲密”可能变得高度性欲化,例如,母亲不断爱抚孩子，以试图向自己证明,她的接触不会伤到他。
23

Any of these modes of dealing with the engendered feelings may result in the confirmation for the child that angry wishes for the demolition of frustrating objects are dangerous to himself and his valued objects. What would be internalized from the mother in this case would be an even stronger conviction than before that the child must get rid of such feelings. In addition, the child could internalize the mother's pathological methods of handling this type of feeling (for example, excessive projection, splitting, denial, or violent enactment).
On the other hand, good-enough handling of the projected feelings might involve the mother's ability to integrate the engendered feelings with other aspects of herself, for example, her healthy self-interest, her acceptance of her right to be angry and resentful toward her child for standing in the way of what she wants, her confidence that she can contain such feelings without acting on them with excessive withdrawal or retaliatory attack. None of this need be available to the mother’s conscious awareness. This act of psychological integration constitutes the processing phase of projective identification. Through the mother's interactions with the child, the processed projection (which involves the sense of the mother's mastery of her feelings of frustration and destructive, retaliatory wishes) would be available to the child for reinternalization.
There is nothing to tie the concept of projective identification to any given developmental timetable. The only requirements are that: (1) the projector (infant, child, or adult) be capable of projective fantasy (albeit often very primitive in its mode of symbolization) and specific types of object-relatedness that are involved in the induction and reinternalization phases of projective identification, and (2) that the object of the projection be capable of engaging in the type of object-relatedness that is involved in receiving a projection and of processing the projection. At some point in development, the infant becomes capable of these psychological tasks, and only at that point is the concept of projective identification applicable.
24


处理被引发情感的这些模式，任何一种都可能造成孩子确信沮丧的客体破坏性的暴怒愿望对他和他的重要客体而言是危险的。这种情况下从他母亲身上被内化的是一个比以前更强烈的有罪信念，孩子必须摆脱这样的情感。此外,孩子可能内化了母亲处理这类情感（比如，过度投射，分裂，否认，或者施暴）的病态方法。
另一方面,对投射的情感的足够好的处理可以包括母亲的整合能力——将投射来的情感整合到她的其他部分，比如，她的健康的利己主义,对以下情感的正确的接纳——由于妨碍了她的需要而对孩子产生的愤怒和厌恶情绪，她的容纳这些情感而不是引致过度撤离或者报复性攻击的自信。这一切都不必通过母亲的自觉意识。这种心理整合构成了投射性认同的处理阶段。通过母亲与孩子的互动,投射的过程(包括母亲对自己的挫折和毁灭性情感以及报复性愿望的掌控感）将可能被孩子再次内化。
投射性认同的概念并没有标定于任何指定的发展时间表。唯一的要求是:(1)投射者(婴儿、儿童或成人)能够投射幻想(尽管通常是非常原始的象征模式)和特定类型的客体关系参与投射性认同的感应和再内化阶段,和(2)投射的对象能够以接受投射的客体关系和加工投射的方式来参与其中。在发展的某个时刻,婴儿能够进行这些心理任务,只有在这时投射性认同才能进行。
24



AN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Melanie Klein introduced the term projective identification in "Notes on Some Schizoid Mechanisms” (1946) and applied it to a psychological process arising in the paranoid-schizoid phase of development, wherein "bad” parts of the self are split off and projected into another person in an effort to rid the self of one's "bad objects，" which threaten to destroy the self from within. These bad objects (psychological representations of the death instinct) are projected in an effort to ”control and take possession of the object."
The only other paper in which Klein discusses projective identification at any length is "On Identification" (1955). In that paper, by means of a discussion of "If I Were You，” a story by Julian Green, Klein offers a vivid account of the subjective experience involved in the process of projective identification. In Green’s story, the devil grants the hero the power to leave his own body and enter and take over the body and life of anyone he chooses. Klein’s description of the hero's experience in projecting himself into another person captures the sense of what it is like to inhabit someone else, control that person, and yet not totally lose the sense of who one really is. It is the sense of being a visitor in the other person, but also of being changed by the experience in a way that will make one forever different. In addition, this account brings home an important aspect of Klein's views: the process of projective identification leaves the projector impoverished until the projected part is successfully reinternalized. The attempt to control another person and have that person act in congruence with one’s fantasies requires tremendous vigilance and a very great expenditure of psychological energy, which leaves the projector psychologically depleted.
Wilfred Bion (1959a, 1959b) has made important steps in elaborating upon and applying the concept of projective identification. He views projective identification as the single most
25




历史的视角

梅兰妮.克莱因中在“关于些精神分裂症机制的笔记”(1946)引入投射性认同这个术语并用于发展中偏执分裂阶段产生的心理过程,其中“坏”的部分自我分裂并投射到另一个人身上以便自我摆脱威胁要从内部摧毁自我的“坏客体”。这些坏客体(死本能的心理表征)被投射出去以试图“控制和占有客体。”
不考虑篇幅的话，克莱恩论述投射性认同的另一篇也是唯一一篇论文是"关于认同"（1955）。在这篇论文中，通过讨论“如果我是你的话”——朱利安.格林讲述的故事,克莱因提供了一个涉入投射性认同过程的主观经验的生动描述。在格林的故事里,魔鬼授予英雄力量以离开自己的身体,进入和控制任何他选中的人的身体。克莱恩对英雄体验的描述——体验——将自己投注到他人的身体——捕获了这样一种感觉：就像是占据了他人的内在，控制这个人，却又不完全丧失真实自己的感觉。它即是一种成为他人的内部造访者的感觉，又是一种以某种方式的体验而改变的感觉，这种方式使得这个人从此不同。此外,这个故事清楚的说明克莱因观点的一个重要方面:投射性认同使得投射者变得贫瘠直到被投射的部分被成功的再次内化。试图控制另一个人并使得那个人依照其幻想而行动需要巨大的警觉和极大的心理能量的消耗,这让投射者心理枯竭。
威尔弗雷德.比昂(1959a,1959b)<注1>在详细说明和应用投射性认同概念上做出了重要的推动。

注1：威尔弗雷德·鲁普莱希特·比昂（（Wilfred Ruprecht Bion，1897年9月8日－1979年11月8日） 英国精神分析学家，群体动力学研究的先驱。曾经跟从梅兰妮·克莱因进行分析,曾经加入塔维斯托克小组。关键著作有“群体中的经验”。
畢昂1897年生於印度，八歲始至英國接受學校教育。第一次世界大戰期間，他於法國服役，擔任戰車指揮官，並獲頒卓越服務勳章以及榮譽勳位。在牛津的皇后學院攻讀歷史之後，他轉往倫敦的大學學院研習醫學。因為對精神分析的興趣日益增加，他開始接受瑞克曼的訓練分析，之後則由克萊因接手。在1940-1950年期間，他專注於團體過程的研究。後來他放棄這個領域而轉向精神分析的實務工作，之後擔任倫敦精神分析診所主任（1956-1962）以及英國精神分析學會會長（1962-1965）。1968年起，他到洛杉磯工作，1979年回到英國，兩個月後過世。

25

important form of interaction between patient and therapist in individual therapy, as well as in groups of all types. Bion's strongly clinical perspective is helpful in emphasizing an aspect of this process that is not clearly elucidated by Klein: "The analyst feels that he is being manipulated so as to be playing a part, no matter how difficult to recognize, in somebody else’s phantasy" (1959a, p. 149).
Bion insists that projective identification is not only a fantasy but a manipulation of one person by another and thus an interpersonal interaction. His work manages to capture some of the strangeness and mystery that characterize the experience of being involved as the recipient of a projective identification, which, he suggests, is like having a thought that is not one's own (Bion, 1977b). He also describes the adverse effects of a parent's failure to allow himself to receive the projective identifications of a child or a child's inability to allow his parent to function in this way:
     Projective identification makes it possible for [the infant] to investigate his own feelings in a personality powerful enough to contain them. Denial of the use of this mechanism, either by the refusal of the mother to serve as a repository for the infant's feelings, or by the hatred and envy of the patient who cannot allow the mother to exercise this function, leads to a destruction of the link between infant and breast and consequently to a severe disorder of the impulse to be curious on which all learning depends. (Bion, 1959’ p. 314)
Essential aspects of normal development are the child’s experience of his parents as people who can safely and securely be relied upon to act as containers for his projective identifications together with his ability to successfully utilize them as such.
Herbert Rosenfeld contributed several important early papers (1952a, 1954) on the clinical applications of projective identification theory to schizophrenia. In particular, he used the

26

他认为投射性认同是个体治疗以及各类团体中患者和治疗师间互动的一个最重要的模式。比昂坚定的临床观点有助于强调此过程的一个方面——克莱因对此并未清楚阐明:“分析师感到了他被操纵了以至于按照某个人的幻想扮演了某个角色。无论（这个幻想）多难识别”(1959,第1959页)。
比昂坚称投射性认同不仅是幻想,而且是一个人对另一个人的操纵从而形成人际互动。他的工作设法捕获一些陌生和神秘的东西——这些东西显示了被卷入为投射性认同的接受者的体验的特性,他认为,那就像是有了不属于自己的想法(Bion, 1977b)。他还描述了父母无法让自己接受孩子的投射性认同或者孩子无法让父母此种方式（投射性认同）运作所导致的不良影响：
投射性认同使得对(婴儿)来说探究自己的情感在人格强大到足以包含它们方面成为可能。拒绝使用这种机制,通过母亲方的拒绝作为婴儿的感情存储库，或通过患者方（拒绝母亲行使这项功能）的憎恨和嫉妒,导致破坏了婴儿与乳房之间的连接，从而导致严重冲动障碍——这种冲动表现出的好奇心是所有学习的仰仗（Bion, 1959’ p. 314）。
正常发展的必要面是孩子体验到父母是可以被安全和稳定的依赖以担当起他投射性认同容器以及他自己能够成功的如此利用父母。
关于投射性认同理论对精神分裂症的临床应用，赫伯特·罗森菲尔德（注1）贡献了几篇重要的早期论文(1952,1952)。

注1：赫伯特.罗森费尔德Herbert Rosenfeld,1910～1986 :罗森费尔德是一位医生，1936年从德国迁移到伦敦以逃离纳粹迫害。他对理解和帮助在精神病院遇到的精神患者感兴趣，那时对那些患者几乎什么也不能做。他意识到精神病中的器质性过程（organic processes）的重要性，却发现，对患者如何思考和认识世界的准确共情和理解常能减轻患者的障碍。他接受了克莱因的分析，而且同西加尔和比昂一起作出从克莱因理论观点到对精神病的心理理解，从而到对所有人类心灵中能在一个水平发生的反常原始过程理解的创新性贡献（Herbert Rosenfeld,1965）。他也因为关于人格病理学结构（pathological organisations）的工作受到注意（Herbert Rosenfeld,1987）。作为在英国和国外都受人欢迎和有献身精神的教师，他对在战后德国本地的精神分析文化的修复作出了巨大贡献。

26

26

concept to trace the genetic origins of depersonalization and confusional states.
Even though the term projective identification is not often used by members of other schools of analytic thought, the work of non-Kleinians has been fundamental to the development of the concept. For example, although Donald Winnicott rarely used the term in his writing, much of his work is a study of the role of maternal projective identifications in early development, and of its implications for both normal and pathological development. (See, for example, his concepts of impingement and mirroring [1952，1967].)
Michael Balint's account (1952, 1968) of his handling of therapeutic regression, especially in the phase of treatment that he calls the "new beginning,” focuses very closely on technical considerations which have direct bearing on the handling of projective identifications. Balint cautions us against having to interpret or in other ways having to act on the feelings the patient elicits; instead, the therapist must "accept,” ”feel with，" "tolerate" and "bear with” the patient and the feelings with which he is struggling and asking the therapist to recognize.
     The analyst is not so keen on "understanding” everything immediately, and in particular, on "organizing" and changing everything undesirable by his correct interpretations; in fact, he is more tolerant towards the patient’s sufferings and is capable of bearing with them——i.e., of admitting his relative impotence—instead of being at pains to "analyze" them away in order to prove his therapeutic omnipotence. (1968, p. 184)
I would view this in part as an eloquent statement on the analyst’s cask of being receptive to the patient’s projective identifications without having to act on these feelings.
Harold Searles enriches the language that we have for talking about the way a therapist (or parent) must be receptive to the projective identifications of the patient (or child). In "Trans-
27

特别是,他利用这个概念来追溯人格解体和精神混乱的状态的遗传起源。
尽管投射性认同这个词不是常常被分析思想界其他学校的会员们应用,对该概念的发展来说，非克莱因学派的工作已经变得非常重要。例如,尽管唐纳德·温尼科特很少在写作中使用这个词，使用这个词在他的写作,他的大部分工作仍是研究早期发展中母性投射性认同的作用以及它在正常和病理性发展两者中的参与。(参见,他的侵入和镜像的概念【1952、1967】)。
米歇尔·巴林特<注1>关于治疗回归的处理观点(1952、1968),特别是在他称之为“新的开始”的阶段,密切关注与投射性认同的处理直接相关的技术问题。巴林特警告我们警惕不得不解释或以另外的方式不得不依照患者激起的情感而行动;相反,治疗师必须“接受”,“同感”,“容忍”和“忍受”患者以及他挣扎着请求治疗师识别的情感。
分析师并不那么热衷于立即“理解”一切,特别是“组织”和改变他的正确解释辨识为不良的一切；事实上,他更能容忍患者的痛苦，能够忍受它们（译者按：痛苦）——比如，承认他的与此相关的无力——而不是在远处煞费苦心地（在痛苦之）的“分析”它们来他治疗的无所不能。(1968,第184页)
我将把这部分作为一个分析师容器的雄辩的声明——容纳患者的投射性认同而不必依照情感行事。
哈罗德·瑟勒斯<注2>丰富了我们用于讨论以下方式的言论——治疗师（或父母）必须接纳患者（或孩子）的投射性认同。


注1：米歇尔·巴林特（Michael Balint），精神病学家。1896年出生于布达佩斯,1970年逝世。他曾在匈牙利学习医学，在德国学习生物化学，并在英国学习过心理学。
注2：Harold Searles 瑟勒斯（Harold Searles）提出，容纳，接受不是说治疗师完全变得像患者一样，因为除了接受投射以外，治疗师还要对投射进行处理，把它整合到人格中去，让这种被整合的体验供患者再次内化时使用。

27

ference Psychosis in the Psychotherapy of Schizophrenia，” Searles explains the importance of the therapist's refraining from rigidly defending himself against experiencing aspects of the patient's feelings.
     The patient develops ego-strengths …via identification with the therapist who can endure, and integrate into his own larger self, the kind of subjectively non-human part-object relatedness which the patient fosters in and needs from him. (1963，p. 698)
Searles adds,
     The extent to which the therapist feels a genuine sense of deep participation in the patient's "delusional transference” relatedness to him during the phase of therapeutic symbiosis ... is difficult to convey in words; it is essential that the therapist come to know that such a degree of feeling-participation is not evidence of "counter-transference psychosis，"  but rather is the essence of what the patient needs from him at this crucial phase of the treatment. (1963，p. 705)
Searles is here presenting a view that therapy, at least in certain phases of regression, can progress only to the extent that the therapist can allow himself to feel (with diminished intensity) what the patient is feeling, or in the terminology of projective identification, to allow himself to be open to receiving the patient's projections. This "feeling-participation" is not equivalent to becoming as sick as the patient because the therapist, in addition to receiving the projection, must process it and integrate it into his own larger personality and make this integrated experience available to the patient for reinternalization. In a more recent article, "The Patient as Therapist to the Analyst” (1975)，Searles describes in detail the opportunity for growth in the analyst that is inherent in his struggle to remain open to the patient's projective identifications.
There is a growing body of literature clarifying the concept of projective identification and integrating the concept into a non-Kleinian psychoanalytic framework. Malin and Grotstein
28



在“精神分裂症心理治疗的移情性精神病”中,瑟勒斯解释了治疗师克制自己避免对患者情感方面体验使用严格防御的重要性。
患者发展自我强度，是通过认同这样的治疗师——能够容忍这种臆想的非人工的部分客体关系且将其整合到自己的更大的自我——这种关系由患者在治疗师身上培育且索回。(1963 p。698)
瑟勒斯还说，治疗共生阶段治疗师参与到患者对其的“妄想性移情”关系，治疗师对此种感觉的真实的程度难以用言语表达；至关重要的是,治疗师认识到这种情感参与的程度并非“反移情精神病”的证明,而是在这个治疗的关键阶段，患者对治疗师的需要的本质。(1963 p。705)<注1>
瑟勒斯在这里展示了一种观点,就是，治疗,至少在某些回归阶段,可以仅仅进展到治疗师允许自己感受（强度减弱了的）患者的感受的程度，或者用投射性认同来说的话，允许开放自己来接受患者的投射。这种“感受——参与”并不等同于变得和患者一样病态，因为治疗师,除了接收投射,还必须处理它并将它整合到自己更大的人格中,使这种整合的体验对于患者的再度内化成为可能。在最近的一篇文章“作为分析师的治疗师的患者”(1975)中,瑟勒斯详细描述了,当分析师坚持着挣扎于对患者的投射性认同保持开放时，分析师内在成长的机会。
越来越多的文献澄清了投射性认同的概念，将其整合进非克莱因学派的精神分析框架。


注1：这段摘自潮叔文《投射性认同概念及相关临床理论问题的发展》
瑟勒斯（Harold Searles）早在60年代就对治疗中治疗师如何接受患者的投射性认同作出了描述，他建议治疗师不要强烈地防御、反对来自患者的情感(Searles ，1963)，他认为，患者通过和治疗师的认同来发展自我强度（ego-strengths），治疗师需要能够忍受、整合来自患者的体验。
在和精神病患者的治疗中，患者的妄想性移情会让治疗师感到深深被卷入，参与到患者的内心世界中，这个治疗的共生阶段很难用言语来表达，这时候重要的是在治疗师认识到这种深刻的参与感来自于患者对他的需要。所以在治疗的某个退行阶段，治疗师要允许自己感受到患者的感受，或者说在投射性认同的过程中接受患者的投射。这种“感受-参与”（feeling-participation）不是说治疗师完全变得像患者一样，因为除了接受投射以外，治疗师还要对投射进行处理，把它整合到人格中去，让这种被整合的体验供患者再次内化时使用。
　在1975年，瑟勒斯发表了另外一篇文章——《作为分析师的治疗师的患者》，从题目就可知道内容的前卫性，在文中，他谈到在处理投射性认同的过程中，随着治疗师逐渐能够让自己对患者的投射性认同开放，治疗师自身的人格得到了成长。
28

(1966)    present a clinical formulation of projective identification, making this very bulky concept more manageable by discussing it in terms of three elements: the projection, the creation of an "alloy” of external object and projected self, and reinternalization. These authors present the view that therapy consists of the modification of the patient's internal objects by the process of projective identification. Interpretation is seen as a way in which the patient can be helped to observe "how his projections have been received and acknowledged by the analyst” (p. 29).
Finally, I would like to mention the work of Robert Langs (1975，1976)，who is currently involved in the task of developing an adaptational-interactional framework of psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. His efforts represent a growing sense of the importance and usefulness of the concept of projective identification as a means of understanding the therapeutic process. Langs contends that analytic theory must shift from viewing the analyst as primarily a screen to viewing him as a "container for the patient's pathological contents who is fully participating in the analytic interaction" (1976). By making such a shift, we clarify the nature of the therapist’s response to the patient's transference and nontransference material and are in a better position to do the self-analytical work necessary for the treatment of the patient, in particular for the correction of errors in technique. For Langs, projective identification is one of the basic units of study within an interactional frame of reference.

TECHNICAL AND THEORETICAL IMPLICATIONS
Interpretation vs. Silent Containment

What does a therapist do when he observes that he is experiencing himself in a way that is congruent with his patient's projective fantasy, that is, when he is aware that he is the
29

Malin and Grotstein (1966) 对投射性认同提出了临床概念化，通过讨论明确其三个基本成分，使得这个已经庞杂笨重的概念更加易用：投射，外部客体和被投射的自我的合成再造，以及再度内化。这些作者表达了这样的观点，通过投射性认同的过程调整了患者的内部客体从而构成了治疗。解释被视为一种方式，患者通过其注意到“他的投射如何被接受并且被分析师所承认”从而得到帮助(p. 29)。<注1>
最后,我要提到兰斯（Robert Langs）的工作(1975、1976),他正参与一项发展心理疗法和精神分析的“适应性互动”框架的工作。他的工作呈现了将投射性认同的概念作为理解治疗过程的手段的重要性和可用性的发展。兰斯主张分析理论必须不再将分析师首先看做一个屏幕，而是将其看做“容器——容纳患者的病理性内容(1976),并完全参与到分析互动之中”。通过这种转变,我们澄清了治疗师对患者移情和非移情材料进行回应的本质，并在一个更好的位置上进行自我分析工作，该工作对于患者的治疗尤其是技术上的修正是必需的。 病人的移情和nontransference材料和更好地做self-analytical工作必要的治疗病人,尤其是错误的修正技术。对兰斯而言，投射性认同是交互性参照系研究的基本单元。

技术及理论意义
解释与沉默的容器

当治疗师发现自己正依照患者的投射性幻想以某种方式自我体验着，也即，他意识到自己成为了患者投射性认同的接受者时，他要做些什么呢？

注1：Malin and Grotstein (1966) 对投射性认同的定义提出了自己的看法，他们认为，投射性认同有三个基本成份：第一，投射，第二，把投射出去的自体和外在客体创造成一个融合体，第三，再内化（re-internalization）。他们也认为，治疗便是通过投射性认同的过程，调整了患者的内在客体。而解释的作用就在于让患者观察到他的投射是如何被分析师接收到的和反映的。
　　不难看出，其实他们的定义实际上是广泛流传的Ogden定义的前提，而且他们主要用投射性认同作为主要的视角来观察治疗过程的提法也是现在很多分析师的取向。奇怪的是，为什么这两个人会籍籍无名？

29


recipient of his patient’s projective identification? One answer to this question is that the therapist "does” nothing; instead, the therapist attempts to live with the engendered feelings without denying or in other ways trying to get rid of them. This is what is meant by making oneself open to receiving a projection. It is the task of the therapist to contain the patient's feelings.
For example, when the patient is feeling hopelessly unlovable and untreatable, the therapist must be able to bear the feeling that the therapist and the therapy are worthless for this hopeless patient, and yet at the same time not act on the feelings by terminating the therapy (cf. Nadelson, 1976). The "truth” that the patient is presenting must be treated as a transitional phenomenon (Winnicott, 1951) wherein the question of whether the patient’s "truth" is reality or fantasy is never an issue. As with any transitional phenomenon, it is both real and unreal, subjective and objective, at the same time. In this light, the question "If the patient can never get better, why should the therapy continue?" never needs to be acted upon. Instead, the therapist attempts to live with the feeling that he is involved in a hopeless therapy with a hopeless patient and is, himself, a hopeless therapist. This, of course, is a partial truth, which the patient experiences as a total truth, and which must be experienced by the therapist as emotionally true just as the good-enough mother must be able to share the truth in her child's feelings about the comforting and life-giving powers of his piece of satin. It would not occur to an empathic mother to ask her child whether his piece of satin really can make things better.
Several further aspects of the handling of projective identification must be considered. First, the therapist is not simply an empty receptacle into which the patient can "put” projective identifications. The therapist is a human being with a past, a repressed unconscious, and a personal set of conflicts, fears, and psychological difficulties. The feelings that patients struggle with are highly charged, painful, conflict-laden areas of human experience for the therapist as well as for the patient. It is hoped that the therapist, because of greater psychological integration result-
     
30


答案之一是,治疗师什么也不”做“;相反,治疗师试着与被引发的情感相处而不是否认或以其它方式摆脱它们。这就是让保持开放接受投射的意思。容纳患者的情感也是治疗师的任务。
举例来说，当患者绝望的感到不被喜欢和无法应对，治疗师必须能够忍受治疗师和治疗对绝望的患者都是毫无价值的这种感受，同时不因着感受而以终止治疗来应对(cf. Nadelson, 1976)。病人呈现的“真相”必须被视为一种过渡现象(Winnicott, 1951)，其中病人的“真相”是现实还是幻想从来都不是问题。与任何过渡现象一样,它既真实又虚幻,主观的同时又客观。在这种情况下,对“如果病人再不可能好转了,为什么要继续治疗“这样的问题从来都不需要采取行动。相反,治疗师试着与这样的感觉相处——他卷入了与绝望的患者的无望的治疗以及自己是一个绝望的治疗师。当然,这里有部分是事实，被患者体验为全部真实，治疗师必须体验到情感的真实，就像足够好的母亲必须能够分享她孩子情感的真实——他的一块织物给了他安慰和生命的力量。对于一个神入的母亲来说，是不会问她的孩子他的织物是否真的可以让事情好起来的。
投射性认同的处理在几个方面需要更进一步来考虑。首先,治疗师不仅仅是一个供患者“放入”投射性认同的空空的容器。治疗师是一个有过去有压抑的无意识的人类,有着一套个人的冲突,恐惧,和心理上的困难。患者与之抗争的情感是高度紧张,痛苦,承载了冲突的人类经验的领域，不仅对患者，对治疗是同样如此。治疗师源于自己发展了的体验和分析而具有更大的心理整合度，被期待着比患者更少畏惧和更少逃离情感的倾向。

30


ing from his own developmental experience and analysis, is less frightened of, and less prone to run from, these feelings than is the patient. However, we are not dealing with an all-or-nothing phenomenon here, and the handling of the feelings projected by the patient requires considerable effort, skill, and "strain” (Winnicott, 1960a) on the part of the therapist. The therapist’s theoretical training, personal analysis, experience, psychological mindedness, and psychological language are major tools that can all be brought to bear on the experience he is attempting to understand and to contain.
How much of the therapist's understanding of the patient’s projective identification should be interpreted to the patient? The therapist's ability not only to understand but also to verbalize his understanding clearly and precisely is basic to therapeutic effectiveness (Freud, 1914a; Glover, 1931). In the case of projective identifications, this is so not only because well-timed clarifications and interpretations may be of value to the patient, but equally because these understandings are essential to the therapist's effort to contain the engendered feelings.
However, the therapist's understanding may at times constitute a correct interpretation for the therapist but may not be at all well-timed for the patient. In this case, the interpretation should remain "a silent one” (Spotnitz, 1969)，that is, formulated in words in the therapist's mind, but not verbalized to the patient. The silent interpretation can contain much more self-analytic material than one would include in an interpretation offered to the patient. Continued self-analysis in this way is invaluable in a therapist's attempts to struggle with, contain, and grow from the feelings patients are eliciting in him.
There is a danger that the therapist may be tempted to use the patients's  therapy exclusively as an arena in which to find help with the therapist’s own psychological problems. This can result in a repetition for the patient of an early pathogenic interaction (frequently reported in the childhood of pathologically narcissistic patients) wherein the needs of the mother were the almost exclusive focus of the mother-child relationship. (See Ogden,
31


然而,在这里我们不是处理一个全有或全无的现象,和处理患者投射的情感需要治疗师相当大的努力,技能,和“张力”(Winnicott,1960a)。治疗师的理论培训,个人分析,经验,心理感受性和心理语言是主要的工具,用来竭尽全力的试着理解和容纳。
治疗师对患者的投射性认同的理解应该向患者解释多少呢？不仅是治疗师的理解力，还有清晰而准确地言语化表达能力，是治疗效果的基础(Freud, 1914a; Glover, 1931)。在投射性认同中,也是如此，不仅因为及时的澄清和解释可能对患者有价值,同样的因为对于治疗师在容纳激起的情感上付出的努力来说这些理解也是必不可少的。
然而,治疗师的理解有时对治疗师构成正确解释,但可能对患者不都是合时宜的。在这种情况下,解释应该保持“沉默的言说”(Spotnitz,1969),也就是说,在治疗师的头脑中形成言语,而不是说给患者听。比起向患者做出的解释，沉默的解释可以包含更多的自我分析材料。在治疗师在与患者所激发的情感斗争，容纳，从中成长的尝试中，以这种方式继续自我分析是非常宝贵的。
这里有个危险是,治疗师可能会将患者的治疗仅仅作为一个舞台，从中找到治疗师自身心理问题的帮助。这可能会导致早期病原性互动患者的重复(经常报道的童年病态自恋患者)，其早期对母亲的需要几乎完全被排除在母子关系的关注之外(See Ogden,1974, 1976, 1978a for further discussion of this form of mother-child interaction.)。

31



1974, 1976, 1978a for further discussion of this form of mother-child interaction.)

Failure to Contain the Projective Identification
Errors in technique very often reflect a failure on the part of the therapist to contain the patient's projective identification adequately. Either through an identification with the patient’s methods of handling the projected feelings or through reliance on his own customary defenses, the therapist may come to rely excessively on denial, splitting, projection, projective identification, or enactment, in an effort to defend against the engendered feelings. This basically defensive stance can result in "therapeutic misalliances" wherein the patient and therapist "seek gratification and defensive reinforcements in their relationship”（Langs, 1975，p. 80). In order to support his own defenses, the therapist may introduce deviations in technique, and may even violate the basic ground rules and framework of psychotherapy and psychoanalysis, for example, by extending the relationship into social contexts,giving gifts to the patient, or encouraging the patient to give the therapist gifts, or breaching the code of confidentiality. Failure to adequately process a projective identification is reflected in the therapist's response in one of two ways: either by his mounting a rigid defense against awareness of the feelings engendered, or allowing the feeling or the defense against it to be translated into action. Either type of failure results in the patient’s reinternalization of the original projected feelings, combined with the therapist's fears about and inadequate handling of those feelings. The patient's fears and pathological defenses are reinforced and expanded. In addition, the patient may despair about the prospect of being helped by a therapist who shares significant aspects of the patient's pathology.
The therapist's failure to contain the patient's projective identifications is often a reflection of what Grinberg (1962) calls "projective counteridentification." In this form of response to
32

投射性认同容纳失败

技术中的错误往往反映了一个治疗师方充分容纳患者的投射性认同的失败。通过识别患者处理被投射的情感的方式，或者通过依赖自己的习惯性防御,治疗师可能会过分依赖否认,分裂,投射,投射性认同,或付诸行动,来抵御被激起的情感。这主要防御姿态可能导致“不当治疗”,即患者和治疗师“寻求他们关系中的满足感和防御性增强”(Langs, 1975，p.80)。为了支持自己的防御,治疗师可能在技术上引入偏差,甚至可能违反了基本原则和心理疗法和精神分析的框架,例如,通过将关系扩展至社会情境，送礼给患者,或鼓励患者给治疗师礼物,或违反保密原则。未能对投射性认同进行充分处理，以治疗师的两种回应方式之一呈现:加固严格的防御防止意识到情感的激发,或允许情感或者对其的防御转化为行动。任何一种类型的失败都导致患者对原始的投射的情感的再度内化，连同治疗师的恐惧以及对那些情感的不充分的处理。患者的恐惧和病理性防御被再度加强和扩大。此外,病人可能对分享了他重大的病理性部分的治疗师为自己提供帮助的前景感到绝望。
治疗师容纳患者投射性认同的失败常常反映了Grinberg(1962)所呼吁的“投射性反认同”。

32


projective identification, the therapist, without consciously being aware of it, fully experiences himself as he is portrayed in the patient’s projective fantasy. The therapist feels unable to prevent himself from being what the patient unconsciously wants him to be. This differs from being therapeutically receptive to a patient’s projective identification because in the latter case the therapist is aware of the process and only partially，and with diminished intensity, shares the patient's unconsciously engendered feelings. The successful handling of projective identification is a matter of balance: the therapist must be sufficiently open to receive the patients projective identification and yet maintain sufficient psychological distance from the process to allow for effective analysis of the therapeutic interaction.

The Therapist’s Projective Identifications
Just as the patient can apply pressure to the therapist to comply with projective identifications, the therapist can put pressure on the patient to validate the therapist's own projective identifications. For example, therapists have an intricately overdetermined wish for their patients to “get better” and this is often the basis for an omnipotent fantasy that the therapist has turned the patient into the wished-for patient. Very often the therapist, through his own projective identification, can exert pressure on the patient to behave as if he were a wished-for "cured” patient. A relatively healthy patient can often become aware of this pressure and alert the therapist to it by saying something like, "I’m not going to let you turn me into another of your successes". This kind of statement, however overdetermined, should alert the therapist to the possibility that he may be engaged in projective identification, and that the patient has successfully processed these projections. It is far more damaging when the patient is unable to process a projective identification in this way and either complies with the pressure (by becoming the "ideal” patient) or rebels against the pressure (by an upsurge of resistance or by termination of therapy).

33

治疗师,并没有自觉的意识到,以这种方式回应投射性认同，正是按照患者的投射性幻想中所刻画的方式充分的体验到自己。 治疗师感觉无法阻止自己成为患者无意识希望他成为样子。这不同于有效的接收患者的投射性认同，因为在后一种情况下治疗师是意识到这个过程,且仅仅是部分经历，以及降低强度的分享患者无意识激起的情感。成功处理投射性认同的关键是平衡:治疗师必须保持足够开放去接受患者的投射性认同，并且与该过程保持足够的心理距离，来允许治疗互动的有效分析。

治疗师的投射性认同
正如患者可以对治疗师施加压力迫其遵从投射性认同，治疗师也能对患者施加压力来使治疗师自己的投射性认同奏效。例如,治疗师有一个复杂的多因素决定的期望——希望患者“好起来”，这往往是一个全能幻想的基础,治疗师把病人变成了被期待的患者。通常治疗师,通过自己的投射性认同,可以对患者施加压力使其表现得好像他是一个被期望般“治愈了”的患者。相对健康的病人常常会意识到这种压力,提醒治疗师说,“我不会让你把我变成你的又一个成就的”。这种声明,尽管是多因素决定的,都将提醒治疗师他可能正在进行投射性认同，而患者成功的处理了这些投射。当患者不能以这种方式处理投射性认同，遵从了压力（变成“理想化”患者）或者反抗压力（抵抗增强或者终止治疗），将造成严重破坏。
33

Winnicott (1947) also reminds us that therapists' and parents' wishes for their patients and children are not exclusively for cure and growth. There are also hateful wishes to attack or annihilate the patient or child (see also Maltsburger & Buie, 1974). A stalemated therapy, a perpetually silent patient, or a flurry of self-destructive or violent activity on the part of the patient may all be signs of the patient's efforts to comply with a therapist's projective identification that involves an attack upon or the annihilation of the patient. As Winnicott suggests, it is imperative that parents and therapists be able to integrate their anger and murderous wishes toward their children and patients without acting upon, denying, or projecting these feelings. Persistent and unchanging projective identifications on the part of the therapist should, if recognized, alert the therapist to a need to seriously examine his own psychological state and possibly to seek further analysis.

Related Psychological Processes
It is important to clarify the relationship of projective identification to a group of related psychological processes: projection, externalization, introjection, and identification. (The relationship of projective identification to the concepts of transference and countertransference will be dealt with in chapters 3 and 8.)

Projection
A distinction must be drawn between the projective mode of thought involved in projective identification and that in projection as an independent process. In the former, the projector subjectively experiences a feeling of oneness with the recipient with regard to the expelled feeling, idea, or self-representation. By contrast, in projection the aspect of the self that is in fantasy expelled is disavowed and attributed to the recipient. The projec-
34


温尼科特(1947)也提醒我们,治疗师/父母对患者/孩子的期待,并非仅为治愈/成长。也有着可憎的欲望——攻击或毁灭患者/孩子(see also Maltsburger & Buie, 1974)。一个胶着的治疗,恒久沉默的患者,或患者一系列自我毁灭或暴力行为的骚动，都是患者努力遵从治疗师的投射性认同的征兆，该投射性认同包含了对患者的攻击和毁灭。正如温尼科特所说,当务之急是父母和治疗师可以整合他们对孩子和患者的愤怒和凶残的期待，而不是付诸行动，否认或投射他们的情感。一旦确认治疗师方有着持久不变的投射性认同，则提醒着治疗师需要认真检查自己的心理状态,并可能需要寻求进一步分析。

相关心理过程
阐明投射性认同与一组相关心理过程间的关系非常重要:投射,外化,內摄和认同。(投射性认同与移情和反移情概念的关系将在第三章和第八章阐述.)。

投射
投射性认同和作为单独过程的投射，其不同思维投射模式必须区分开来。前者，投射者臆想着体验到与接收者同一情感，而接收者体验到被排除的情感。与此相反，在投射中，幻想中被排除的自我部分被否认并归于接受者。

34



tor does not feel kinship with recipient; on the contrary, the recipient is often experienced as foreign, strange, and frightening.

Externalization
The concept of externalization (as discussed by Brodey, 1965) refers to a specific type of projective identification wherein there is a manipulation of reality in the service of pressuring the object to comply with the projective fantasy. However, in a broader sense, there is ”externalization” in every projective identification, in that the projective fantasy is moved from the internal arena of psychological representations, thoughts, and feelings to the external arena of other human beings and the projector's interactions with them. Rather than simply altering the psychological representation of an external object, in projective identification one attempts to, and often succeeds in, effecting specific alterations in the feeling-state and behavior of another person.

Introjection and Identification
Just as a projective mode of thought, as opposed to projection, can be seen as underlying the initial phase of projective identification, one can understand the third phase as being based on an introjective mode, as opposed to introjection. In the final phase of projective identification, the individual imagines himself repossessing an aspect of the self that has been “reposing” in another person (Bion, 1959b). In conjunction with this fantasy is a process of internalization wherein the recipient's method of handling the projective identification is perceived, and there is an effort to make this aspect of the recipient a part of the self.
Following the schema outlined by Schafer (1968), introjection and identification are seen as types of internalization processes. Depending upon the projector's maturational level, the type of internalization process employed may range from primi-
35


投射者并没有感觉到与接受者的亲密；相反，接受者常常体验到疏远，陌生和令人恐惧。

外化
Brodey论及的外化的概念(Brodey,1965)是指一个特定类型的投射性认同，其中存在操纵现实迫使其对象符合投射性幻想。然而,在更广泛的意义上,在每一个投射性认同中都存在“外化”,在外化中，投射性幻想从内部领域的心理表征,思想,情感移至外部领域其他人类和以及投射者与之的互动中。不仅仅是简单的试图改变一个外部客体的心理表征,更常常是成功引起另一个人情感状态和行为的特定的改变。

內摄和认同
正如同样作为思维的投射性模式，对比着投射，投射性认同的初始阶段可被看做潜在的，而对比着內摄，投射性认同的第三阶段可被理解为基于內摄的模式。在投射性认同的最后阶段，个体想象自己取回了之前被投置于他人身上的自我部分(Bion, 1959b)。连同幻想一起的，是内化的过程，接受者处理投射性认同的方式在其中被感知，使得接受者的部分成为了这个自我的一部分。
下面列出的由谢弗(1968)概括的模式,內摄和认同被看做是不同类型的内化过程。根据投射者的成熟度,内化过程的类型可以从原始的內摄到成熟类型的认同。

35

tive introjection to mature types of identification. In introjection, the internalized aspect of the recipient is poorly integrated into the remainder of the personality system and is experienced as a foreign element ("a presence”）inside the self. In identification, there is a modification of motives, behavior patterns, and selfrepresentations, in such a way that the individual feels that he has become “like” or “the same as” the recipient with regard to a given aspect of that person. So the terms introjection and identification refer to types of internalization processes that can operate largely in isolation from projective processes or as a phase of projective identification.

SUMMARY
This chapter presents a clarification of the concept of projective identification through a delineation of the relation of fantasy to object relations that is entailed in this intrapsychic-interpersonal process. Projective identification is viewed as a group of fantasies and accompanying object relations involving three phases which together make up a single psychological unit. In the initial phase，the projector unconsciously fantasies getting rid of an aspect of the self and putting that aspect into another person in a controlling way. Secondly, via the interpersonal interaction, the projector exerts pressure on the recipient to experience feelings that are congruent with the projection. Finally, the recipient psychologically processes the projection and makes a modified version of it available for reinternalization by the projector.
Projective identification, as formulated here, is a process that serves as: (1) a type of defense by which one can distance oneself from an unwanted or internally endangered part of the self, while in fantasy keeping that aspect of the self alive in the recipient; (2) a mode of communication by which the projector
36

在內摄中，接受者的内化部分被不当的整合到其余人格系统，并被体验为自我内部的外来元素（一种存在）。在认同中,对于这个人的某个方面，个体以这样一种方式感觉到变得与接受者“相像”或“相同”。因此內摄和认同指的是内化过程的不同类型，它们可以独立于投射过程或者作为投射性认同的一个阶段而大量应用。

小结
本章通过描绘幻想和客体关系（心灵内部互动的需要）的相关澄清了投射性认同的概念。投射性幻想被视为一组幻想以及相伴随的客体关系，包括了三个阶段来共同组成一个心理单元。投射者无意识的幻想摆脱自我某方面并以控制形式将其放入另一个人身上。其次，通过人际互动，投射者对接受者施加压力迫使其体验到符合投射的情感。最后,接受者从心理上对投射进行加工并使得修改后的版本能够被投射者再次内化。
投射性认同，正如这里所阐述的，是一个如下进行的过程:(1)一种防御，某人通过该防御能够是自己远离有害的或者内在破坏性的自我部分,而在幻想中保持这部分自我存活于接受者身上;(2)一种交流模式，通过这种模式，投射者施加压力于接受者，使其体验到一组与自己相似的情感，来使自己被理解；

36


makes himself understood by exerting pressure on the recipient to experience a set of feelings similar to his own; (3) a type of object-relatedness in which the projector experiences the recipient as separate enough to serve as a receptacle for parts of the self but sufficiently undifferentiated to maintain the illusion of literally sharing the projector’s feeling; (4) a pathway for psychological change by which feelings similar to those which the projector is struggling with are processed by the recipient, thus allowing the projector to identify with the recipient’s handling of the engendered feelings.

37


(3)一种客体关系，投射者在这种关系中将接受者体验为这样的容器——足够分离以容纳自我部分，但又充分的未分化以维持这样的幻想——照单全收的分享了投射者的情感；(4)心理改变之路。由此，投射者与之奋斗的相似情感经过接受者加工，使得投射者能够辨识接受者对引发情感的处理。

37

标签： 心理治疗  技术  投射性认同