心理学空间:Lfn%D2SP]1B

罗伯特·扎荣茨1923年出生于波兰罗兹，是家中独子。16岁纳粹侵占波兰，父母在战火中双亡，自己重伤。加入华沙地下大学被派遣到德国参与工人运动，逃脱，又被抓回，送到法国政治监狱，又逃脱，加入法国抵抗组织，在巴黎索邦神学院（巴黎大学的前身）学习，1944年21岁到达英格兰，是联军中的美军翻译。战后，在巴黎为联合国救济总署工作。1948年移居美国之前在德国蒂宾根大学学习学习心理学。1948年直接来到了美国密歇根州的安阿伯，并在密歇根州大学团体动力学研究中心（RCGD）完成了本科和研究生工作。扎荣茨博士在RCDG的导师是 Dorwin (Doc) Cartwright。在他获得的博士学位之后的40年里，扎荣茨博士在密歇根州大学任教，同时作为董事隶属于RCGD和社会研究所。

NQMn{!g01948年直接来到了美国密歇根州的安阿伯，并在密歇根州大学团体动力学研究中心（RCGD）完成了本科和研究生工作。扎荣茨博士在RCDG的导师是 Dorwin (Doc) Cartwright。在他获得的博士学位之后的40年里，扎荣茨博士在密歇根州大学任教，同时作为董事隶属于RCGD和社会研究所。1994年扎荣茨博士来到了斯坦福大学做心理学教授。心理学空间hP;W(~-OnA

扎荣茨博士的研究跨越若干理论问题，例如认知和沟通关系的本质，他人存在对一个人表现的影响，情绪的影响包括无意识的影响，偏好的浮现，智力成绩的总的模式，因为他们被家庭结构的改变所影响，以及种族灭绝本质和原因。

$~~h~!F0扎荣茨博士的职业生涯获得了许多著名奖项，包括1978年美国心理学协会（APA）的科学贡献奖，实验社会心理学会杰出科学家奖。华沙鲁汶大学荣誉心理学博士学位，1975由于对出生顺序的和智力开发的研究，获得美国科学促进协会研究奖（与G. Markus共享）。他的履历中还包括许多服务于专业领域的贡献，他做了8年的异常和社会心理杂志的副主编；曾是APA普通心理学会的主席，实验社会心理学会前任主席；他曾服务于APA科学事务委员会；作为美国国家科学院成员，他是1976前苏联的驻外代表。还帮助成立了华沙大学研究社会研究所。（陈明译）

出生次序与智力心理学空间%yjFeu6`

1975年，Robert B. Zajonc与G. B. Markus在《Psychological Review》发表了一个理论，解释为何长子女比在家庭中排序较后的子女的智力较高[1]。这个理论，到今时今日仍是一个备受关注的理论，称之为群集理论(confluence model)。根据这个理论的论点，一般而言出生排序愈前，智力水平相对较高；相反地出生排序愈后，智力水平相对较低。这是因为在家庭内，长子女在他们早年的成长时期只有成年人与他们相伴，因此他们的日常生活都经常与智力水平较高的人相处。而另一方面，出生排序较后的子女有其他兄弟姊妹共享资源，所以家庭的资源被稀释，所以其在学业成就的表现不如长子女或独生子女[2]。而这个现象不独在西方社会出现，即使在东亚地区亦一样[3]。

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不过，这个理论仍有一个弱点，就是有些出生排序较低的子女，研究发现他们所得到的资源不比长子女差。通常这些子女对上的兄弟姊妹都比他们年长至少五年。因此，一方面他们的兄弟姊妹对家庭的倚赖相对较少，使他们可以得到成人更多的照顾；另一方面，较年长的兄弟姊妹亦能够领导这些弟妹。技术上，这一类出现与长子女相近智力水平的弟妹，被称为「功能长子女」(functional firstborns)。

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[1]Zajonc, R. B., & Markus, G. B .(1975年). Birth Order and Intellectual Development. Psychological Review, 82, 74-88.心理学空间1G]GP"@7Gc

[2]林枝旺，(2005年)，家庭背景因素對子女學業成就之影響，《網路社會學通訊期刊》，第49期，2005年10月15日。

[3]謝穎慧、莊英章，(2005年)，出生序、社經地位、婚姻與生育：日治時期竹山、峨眉，和竹北等四個閩客社區的例子，《人口學刊》， 第31期，2005年12月，頁41-68。心理学空间+fX%Q(k0R%c2R c

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V0Zajonc, R. B. (1952). Aggressive attitudes of the stranger as a function of conformitypressures. Human Relations, 5, 205-216.

H&H:fXaB:s;Y0_0Zajonc, R. B. (1954). Some effects of "space" serials. Public Opinion Quarterly, 18,367-374.心理学空间-{@c!_yJo

fI5AtjfM7z%Y/rQ0Zajonc, R. B. (1956). Method in social science. Contemporary Psychology, 5,137-139.French,]. R. P. Jr., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1957). An experimental study of cross-culturalnorm conflict. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 54, 218-224.心理学空间7K|BP$aEw

Zajonc, R. B. (1957). Psychology in Poland. American Psychologist, 12, 730-733.

Zajonc, R. B. (1959). Myriads of memory experiments. Contemporary Psychology,4, 150-152.

Zajonc, R. B., & Burnstein, E. (1959). Apparatus for recording orienting responses.American Journal of Psychology, 72, 271-274.心理学空间I].O/z_*t w

t,A fe R V.Q;|Z0Zajonc, R. B., & Smoke, W. (1959). Redundancy in task assignments and groupperformance. Psychometrika, 24, 361-370.

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HXn5Z0Zajonc, R. B. (1960). The concepts of balance, congruity, and dissonance. PublicOpinion Quarterly, 24, 380-396.

Zajonc, R. B. (1960). The process of cognitive tuning in communication. Journal ofAbnormal Social Psychology, 61, 159-168.

Zajonc, R. B., &: Morrissette, ]. (1960). Cognitive behavior under uncertainty andambiguity. Psychological Reports, 6, 31-36.心理学空间)@-wb6d3`3h8t!jf

Zajonc, R. B., & Morrissette,]' (1960). The role of uncertainty in cognitive change.Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology, 61, 168-176.心理学空间Ih-E3rF5{"yzO

&W{_L'|0Zajonc, R. B., &: Burnstein, E. (1961). The resolution of cognitive conflict underuncertainty. Human Relations, 14, 113-119.心理学空间C[&vSN5f u

Zajonc, R. B., &: Wahi, K. (1961). Conformity and need achievement under crossculturalnorm conflict. Human Relations, 14, 241-250.

Smoke, W., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1962). On the reliability of group judgments anddecisions. In]. Criswell, H. Solomon, &: P. Suppes (Eds.), Mathematic methodsin small group processes (pp. 322-333). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.心理学空间k p9x'C
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!Rk(EL%n8c/j6k%|w,j0Zajonc, R. B. (1962). The effects of feedback and probability of group success onindividual performance. Human Relations, 15, 149-163.心理学空间,z9dgT"U,~

Zajonc, R. B. (1962). Methods in small group processes (pp. 322-333). Stanford, CA:Stanford University Press.

Zajonc, R. B. (1962). A note on group judgments and group size. Human Relations,15,177-180.

Zajonc, R. B. (1962). A note on Mooney's "Perception as related to military problems."In F. A. Geldard (Ed.), Defense psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 272-274). New York:Pergamon Press.

N0vV3N#g.u0Zajonc, R. B. (1962). Response suppression in perceptual defense. Journal of ExperimentalPsychology, 64, 206-214.心理学空间7iw;D @ d4X*K2d

Zajonc, R. B., &: Burnstein, E. (1962). A reply to Dr. jordan's comments. HumanRelations, 15, 280.

.z"a+^Z6a:fFzY0Zajonc, R. B., &:Smoke, W. (1962). Optimal task assignments for group performance.In N. F. Washburne (Ed.), Decisions, values, and groups (pp. 279-290). NewYork: Macmillan.心理学空间+s$Evp[ r$C

Zajonc, R. B., &: Dorfman, D. D. (1963). Some effects of sound, background,brightness, and economic status on the perceived size of coins and discs. Journalof Abnormal Social Psychology, 66, 87-90.心理学空间F};Q;l#};vC-x/zxW

8k&i.[h!u0Zajonc, R. B., &: Taylor, J. (1963). The effects two methods of varying group taskdifficulty on individual and group performance. Human Relations, 16,359-368.

Zajonc, R. B., &: Dorfman, D. D. (1964). Perception, drive, and behavior theory.Psychological Review, 71, 273-290.

Zajonc, R. B., &: Nieuwenhuyse, B. (1964). Relationship between word frequencyand recognition: Perceptual process or response bias? Journal of ExperimentalPsychology, 67, 276-285.心理学空间W?:XLi,W

Burnstein, E., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1965). The effect of group success on the reductionof status incongruence in task-oriented groups. Sociometry, 28, 349-362.

Burnstein, E., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1965). Individual task performance in a changingsocial structure. Sociometry, 28, 16-29.

French,]. R. P.Jr., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1965). Eine experimentelle Studie des interkulturellenNormkonflikts. In H. Thomae (Ed.), Die Motivation menschlichen Handelns.Cologne: Kiepenheuer &: Witsch.心理学空间1x+w)]"|z_q

Zajonc, R. B. (1965). The requirements and design of a standard group task. Journalof Experimental Social Psychology, 1, 71-88.

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Zajonc, R. B., &: Burnstein, E. (1965). The learning of balanced and unbalancedsocial structures. Journal of Personality, 33, 153-163.心理学空间WQV@L
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;H5n l'C8i,jyZ0Zajonc, R. B., &: Burnstein, E. (1965). Structural balance, reciprocity, and positivityas sources of cognitive bias. Journal of Personality, 33, 570-583.心理学空间 }9WYy5uA b`FvN

H&y/`n5Ho$c0Zajonc, R. B., &: Cross, D. v. (1965). Stimulus generalization as a function of driveshift. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 69, 363-368.

Zajonc, R. B. (1966). Social psychology: An experimental approach. Belmont, CA:Wadsworth. Translated into French by Y. Noizet as Psychologie sociale experimentale,and published by Dunod, Paris, 1967. Translated into Spanish by I. Acarretaas La psicologia social: Estudios experimentales, and published by Marfil, S. A.,心理学空间;b@uL:Xu!H4K/]T

Alcoy (Spain), 1967. Translated into Swedish by Monica Aberg-Johansson asExperimentell SOcialpsykologi, and published by Wahlstrom Widstrant, Stockholm,1968.

Zajonc, R. B., &: Sales, S. (1966). Social facilitation of dominant and subordinateresponses. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 2, 160-168.

Zajonc, R. B., &: Wolfe, D. M. (1966). Cognitive consequences of a person's positionin a formal organization. Human Relations, 19, 139-150.

van Kreveld, D., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1966). The learning of influence structures. Journalof Personality, 34, 205-223.心理学空间4v;Q4@%M;Po"N

[J6m_syr;g0Siegel, S., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1967). Group risk-taking in profeSSional decisions.SOciometry, 30, 339-349.

Zajonc, R. B., &: Marin, I. C. (1967). Cooperation, competition, and interpersonalattitudes in small groups. Psychonomic Science, 7, 271-272.

Zajonc, R. B., &: Sherman, S. ]. (1967). Structural balance and the induction ofrelations. Journal of Personality, 35, 635-650.

i+m9^ N;J.b9_:K2q$U1t0Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Attitudinal effects of mere exposure. Journal oj Personality andSocial Psychology, Monograph Supplement, 9, 1-27.心理学空间"f&jn1z:m*])`7WJd

oF,Ll6U1s(T.J0Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Cognitive theories in social psychology. In G. Lindzey &. E.Aronson (Eds.), Handbook oj social psychology (319-411). New York: RandomHouse.心理学空间,@.N;Wo1IU'^/O|P

S1s)IQ F0[I9j6B0Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Conformity. In International encyclopedia oj the social sciences(pp. 253-260). New York: Crowell-Collier.

Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Social facilitation in the cockroach. In E. C. Simmel, R. A.Hoppe, &. G. A. Milton (Eds.), Social Jacilitation and imitative behavior (pp.73-87). Boston: Allyn &: Bacon.

Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Thinking: II. Cognitive organization and process. In Internationalencyclopedia oj the social sciences (pp. 615-622). New York: Crowell-Collier.

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Y:i,| y0Matlin, M., &. Zajonc, R. B. (1968). Social facilitation of word associations. Journaloj Personality and Social Psychology, 10, 455-460.心理学空间.Q9K`A5P,]r)i
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Rubin, Z., &. Zajonc, R. B. (1969). Structural bias and generalization in the learningof social structures. Journal oj Personality, 37, 310-324.心理学空间k(Dj H yE:R(_

;p%LTxWC0Zajonc, R. B. (1969). Animal social psychology. New York: Wiley.

Zajonc, R. B., &: Brickman, P. (1969). Expectancy and feedback as independentfactors in task performance. Journal oj Personality and Social Psychology, 11,l48-156.

-|0d/a%p&U+`%f0Zajonc, R. B., Heingartner, A., &: Herman, E. M. (1969). Social enhancement andimpairment of performance in the cockroach. Journal oj Personality and SocialPsychology, 13, 83-92.心理学空间jpWd8UIy Z

!xMYx3F0Zajonc, R. B., &. Raj ecki , D. W. (1969). Exposure and affect: A field experiment.Psychonomic Science, 17, 216-217.

+[p7oHw8al"`c'i7G$h+}']0Zajonc, R. B., Wolosin, R.]., &. Sherman, S.]. (1969). Group risk taking in a twochoicesituation: Replication, extension, and a model. Journal oj ExperimentalSocial Psychology, 5, 127-l40.心理学空间)V2Gy8{'mZA

.c@BV6bW Ua,g0Harrison, A. A., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1970). The effects of frequency and duration ofexposure on response competition and affective ratings. Journal oj Psychology,75, 163-169.

"u9L$^-K@(Fc3GO0Zajonc, R. B. (1970). Brainwash: Familiarity breeds comfort. Psychology Today, 3,32-35, 60-62.

4y2_{;dD.w`5P0Zajonc, R. B., Wolosin, M. R. ]., Wolosin, M. A., &: Loh, W. D. (1970). Socialfacilitation and imitation in group risk-taking. Journal oj Experimental SocialPsychology, 6, 26-46.

Zajonc, R B. (1971). Animal social behavior. Morristown, N]: General Learning Press.

PC6V1zg0Zajonc, R B. (1971). Attraction, affiliation, and attachment. In]. F. Eisenberg &:W. Dillon (Eds.), Man and beast: Comparative social behavior (pp. 142-179).Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Zajonc, R B., Swap, W. c., Harrison, A A, &: Roberts, P. (1971). Limiting conditionsof the exposure effect: Satiation and relativity. Journal of Personality and SocialPsychology, 18, 384-39l.

-mm!qJT7vD0Zajonc, R B. (1972). Some empirical and theoretical continuities in the socialbehavior of animals and men. In R Chauvin (Ed.), Modeles animaux du comportementhumain (Colloques internationaux du C.N.RS. 198, pp. 303-342). Paris:Editions Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

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w~ } s/]0Zajonc, R B., Shaver, P., Tavris, c., &: van Kreveld, D. (1972). Exposure, satiation,and stimulus discriminability. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 21,270-280.

Zajonc, R B., Wolosin, R]., &: Wolosin, M. A (1972). Group risk-taking undervarious group decision schemes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 8,16-30.

Saegert, S. c., Swap, W., &: Zajonc, R B. (1973). Exposure, context, and interpersonalattraction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 25, 234-242.心理学空间mHk6y{8M)cA

BD ~5dy0Zajonc, R B., Reimer, D.]., &: Hausser, D. (1973). Imprinting and the developmentof object preference in chicks by mere repeated exposure. Journal of ComparativePhysiological Psychology, 83, 434-440.心理学空间(c4q0`2ac,k
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ZKR+^)oN#MP$c6l0Zajonc, R B., Crandall, R, Kail, R Y., Jr., &: Swap, W. (1974). Effect of extremeexposure frequencies on different affective ratings of stimulus. Perceptual andMotor Skills, 38, 667-678.心理学空间#U)eR4fo+e

J[oP#@+P0Zajonc, R B., Wilson, W. R, &: Markus, H. (1974). Exposure, object preference,and distress in the domestic chick. Journal of Comparative and PhysiologicalPsychology, 581-585.心理学空间,q;Fnz0H

i.^5Mw)U0Zajonc, R B., Markus, H., &: Wilson, W. R (1974). Exposure effects and associativelearning. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 10, 248-263.心理学空间GIK4Z9]HRy

Zajonc, R B. (1975, January). Dumber by the dozen. Psychology Today, pp. 37-43.

N%A rBm@9p0Zajonc, R B., &: Markus, G. B. (1975). Birth order and intellectual development.PsycholOgical Review, 82, 74-88.

]F{3b*v5Y0Zajonc, R. B., Wilson, W. R., &: Rajecki, D. W. (1975). Affiliation and social discriminationproduced by brief exposure in day-old chicks. Animal Behavior, 23,l31-l38.

Moreland, R. L., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1976). A strong text of exposure effects. Journalof Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 170-179.

Q!_(Y!E1KUc,y#{0Zajonc, R. B. (1976). Falling SAT's and rising reading scores. Economic Outlook USA,3,62-63.

Zajonc, R. B. (1976). Family configuration and intelligence. Science, 192,227-236.

Ghu}d.Jm0Markus, G. B., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1977). Family configuration and intellectual development:A simulation. Behavioral Science, 22, l37-l42.

pwx&C.D`%c8tg0Moreland, R. L., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1977). Is stimulus recognition a necessary conditionfor the occurrence of exposure effects? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,35, 191-199.心理学空间J&z,|4TQPuW

Moreland, R. L., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1979). Exposure effects may not depend onstimulus recognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37, 1085-1089.心理学空间r}p$h5rB8L@,^

Zajonc, R. B., Markus, H., &: Markus, G. B. (1979). The birth order puzzle. Journalof Personality and Social Psychology, 37, l3 2 5-1341.

7G-lxa/WP+D?:U0Kunst-Wilson, W. R., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Affective discrimination of stimulithat cannot be recognized. Science, 207, 557-558.心理学空间*DS'n;YFc;A(XU

Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Cognition and social cognition: A historical perspective. In L.Festinger (Ed.), Four decades of social psychology (pp. 180-204). New York:Oxford University Press.

Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Compresence. In P. P. Paulus (Ed.), Psychology of group influence(pp. 35-60). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

)j ?^9hQ6?*b]$p0Zajonc, R. B. (1980). Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences. AmericanPsycholOgist, 35, 151-175.

ix `@Rrb,V+N"q2]0Zajonc, R. B., &: Bargh,]. (1980). Birth order, family size, and decline of SAT scores.American PsycholOgist, 35, 662-668.

Zajonc, R. B., &: Bargh,]. (1980). The confluence model: Parameter estimation forsix different data sets on family factors and intelligence. Intelligence, 4, 349-361.心理学空间{ US5d"B#G'?W

Zajonc, R. B., Berbaum, M., Hamill, R., Moreland, R. L., &: Akeju, S. A. (1980).Family factors and the intellectual performance of Nigerian eleven-year olds.The West African Journal of Educational and Vocational Measurement, 5, 19-26.心理学空间/`y$vt r
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Zajonc, R. B. (1981). A one-factor mind about mind and emotion. American Psychologist,36, 102-103.

Zajonc, R. B. (1981). Soziale Aktivierung. In W. Stroebe (Ed.), Sozialpsychogie (Vol.2,227-246). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchengesellschaft.

3yu^6OQ/bZw z0Berbaum, M., Markus, G. B., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1982). A closer look at Galbraith'scloser look. Developmental Psychology, 18, 174-180.心理学空间+^w3V6uDR!Qat)o

0sP?/p]\!s6I8Nh0Moreland, R. L., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1982). Exposure effects in person perception:Familiarity, similarity, and attraction. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,18, 395-415.

Zajonc, R. B. (1982). Altruism, envy, competitiveness, and the common good. InV. Derlega &: ]. Grzelak (Eds.), Cooperation and helping behavior: Theories andresearch (pp. 417-437). New York: Academic Press.心理学空间NPF(Ul

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v/p5@@-i(s0Zajonc, R. B., &: Markus, H. (1982). Affective and cognitive factors in preferences.Journal of Consumer Research, 9, 123-131.

Nm y[1cx!qgv0Zajonc, R. B., Pietromonaco, P., &: Bargh,]. (1982). Independence and interactionof affect and cognition. In M. S. Clark &: S. T. Fiske (Eds.), Affect and cognition:The Seventeenth Annual Carnegie Symposium on Cognition (pp. 211-227). Hillsdale,N]: Erlbaum.

Bootzin, R. R., Loftus, E. F., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1983). Psychology today. New York:Random House.心理学空间.iB}\ U:K{`X

u6U:R-Sm0Zajonc, R. B. (1983). Validating the confluence model. Psychological Bulletin, 93,457-480.

Izard, C. E., Kagan, ]., &: Zajonc, R. B. (Eds.). (1984). Emotions, cognition, andbehavior. New York: Cambridge University Press.心理学空间se7G^Hj

Zajonc, R. B. (1984). On the primacy of affect. American Psychologist, 39, 117-124.心理学空间%`g B%@sng;vm

Zajonc, R. B., &: Markus, H. (1984). Affect and cognition: The hard interface. InC. E. Izard,]. Kagan, &: R. B. Zajonc (Eds.), Emotions, cognition, and behavior(pp. 73-102). New York: Cambridge University Press.心理学空间[:e;p&]'` xh `)T

ef-`4I(B)?,}@5m kM0Markus, H., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1985). The cognitive perspective in social psychology.In G. Lindzey &: E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (pp. 137-230).New York: Random House.心理学空间!EI!m!P*Seix

W GZ)NieMi`t0Zajonc, R. B. (1985). Emotion and facial efference: A theory reclaimed. Science,228, 15-21.

Zajonc, R. B. (1985). Emotion and facial expression. Science, 230, 608-687.心理学空间8wWdK]!|"{X"X\

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q gHh0Zajonc, R. B. (1985). Uczucia a myslenie: Nie trzeba sie domyslac, by wiedziec, cosie woli. Przeglad Psychologiczny, 28, 27-72.心理学空间%pf#ANK
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Zajonc, R. B., 1St Markus, H. (1985). Must all affect be mediated by cognition?Journal of Consumer Research, 12, 363-364.心理学空间d6c'E1~,G'IV

Berbaum, M. L., Moreland, R. L., 1St Zajonc, R. B. (1986). Contentions over theconfluence model: A reply to Price Walsh and Vilburg. Psychological Bulletin,100, 270-274.

u0ZtV`0Bootzin, R. R., Bower, G. H., Zajonc, R. B., 1St Hall, E. (1986). Psychology today (6thed.). New York: Random House.

-T%Al9xw%pp0Zajonc, R. B. (1986). Basic mechanisms of preference formation. In R. A. Peterson,W. D. Hoyer, 1St W. R. Wilson (Eds.), The role of affect in consumer behavior:Emerging theories and applications (pp. 1-16). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

&k0@"K kr;nP+zT0Zajonc, R. B. (1986). The decline and rise of scholastic aptitude scores. AmericanPsycholOgist, 41, 862-867.心理学空间5x6qE2i9TGK.L

Zajonc, R. B. (1986). Family factors and intellectual test performance: A reply toSteelman. Review of Educational Research, 56, 365-37l.心理学空间BqM$S2A |

Zajonc, R. B. (1986). La confluence du development intellectuel dans la famille, etsa resonance nationale. Bulletin de Psychologie, 39, 259-266.心理学空间8kxw;L2f-y

Bower, G. H., Bootzin, R. R., Zajonc, R. B., 1St Hall, E. (1987). Principles of psychologytoday. New York: Random House.

N-^o6CK5w0Zajonc, R. B., 1St Adelmann, P. K. (1987). Cognition and communication: A storyof missed opportunities. Social Science Information, 26, 3-30.心理学空间&OehDqG:^l

Zajonc, R. B., Adelmann, P. K., Murphy, S. T., 1St Niedenthal, P. M. (1987). Convergencein the physical appearance of spouses. Motivation and Emotion, 11,335-346.心理学空间mtX
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0~-yy$cr?D2d[9Sll0Zajonc, R. B. (1988). Comment on interpersonal affiliation and the golden section.Journal of Social and BiolOgical Structures, 10,212-214.心理学空间4`"[3v}v^1\/h~5O

?;zQ7N z:f0Zajonc, R. B. (1988). Prologomena for the study of access to mental events: Noteson Singer's chapter. In M. ]. Horowitz (Ed.), Psychodynamics and cognition (pp.347-359). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Adelmann, P. K., 1St Zajonc, R. B. (1989). Facial efference and the experience ofemotion. Annual Review of Psychology, 40, 249-280.心理学空间$e"\t bhdD

Zajonc, R. B. (1989). Bischofs gefuhlvolle Verwirrungen uber die Gefuble. PsychologischeRundschau, 40, 218-22l.

Zajonc, R. B. (1989). Styles of explanation in social psychology. European Journalof Social Psychology, 19, 345-368.

*w;p7p }2i0Zajonc, R. B., Murphy, S. T., &: Inglehart, M. (1989). Feeling and facial efference:Implications of the vascular theory of emotion. Psychological Review, 96,395-416.

Zajonc, R. B. (1990). Leon Festinger (1919-1989). American Psychologist, 45,661-662.

Berridge, K. c., fit Zajonc, R. B. (1991). Hypothalamic cooling elicits eating: Differentialeffects on motivation and pleasure. Psychological Science, 2, 184-189.

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vi!p(T3Q5f0Zajonc, R. B., Markus, G. B., Berbaum, M. L., Bargh,]. A, &: Moreland, R. L. (1991).One justified criticism plus three flawed analyses equals two unwarranted conclusions:A reply to Retherford and Sewell. American Sociological Review, 56,159-165.

McIntosh, D. N., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1992). Emotions research: Some promisingquestions and some questionable promises. Psychological Science, 3, 70-74.心理学空间Q`*p"hoK rQ0j

Murphy, S. T., fit Zajonc, R. B. (1993). Affect, cognition, and awareness: Affectivepriming with optimal and suboptimal stimulus exposures. Journal of Personalityand Social Psychology, 64, 723-739.心理学空间(P/{y9r:E?0Bx7r/D

Zajonc, R. B. (1993). The confluence model: Differential or difference equation.European Journal of Psychology, 23, 211-215.

Zajonc, R. B. (1993). Emotional expression and temperature modulation. In S.vanGoozen (Ed.), Emotion: Essays on emotion theory (pp. 3-27). Hillsdale, NJ:Erlbaum.心理学空间 yCv1FN2qv}

Zajonc, R. B., Murphy, S. T., &: McIntosh, D. N. (1993). Brain temperature andsubjective emotional experience. In M. Lewis fit]. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbookof emotions (pp. 209-220). New York: Guilford Press.心理学空间 J([h0K c

W0xhU,o3PD&MpY0McIntosh, D. N., Druckman, D., &: Zajonc, R. B. (1994). Socially-induced affect.In D. Druckman fit R. A. Bjork (Eds.), Learning, remembering, believing: EnhanCinghuman performance (pp. 251-276). Washington, DC: National AcademyPress.心理学空间9wq Rk2y s
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Murphy, S., 6:1 Zajonc, R. B. (1994). Afekt, poznanie i swiadomosc: rola afektywnychbodzcow poprzedzajacych przy optymalnych is suboptymalnych ekspozycjach.Przeglad Psychologiczny, 36, 261-299.心理学空间B}@9tjf k

Zajonc, R. B. (1994). An early insight into the affect-perception interface. In P. M.Niedenthal &. S. Kitayama (Eds.), The heart's eye (pp. 17-21). San Diego:Academic Press.

Zajonc, R. B. (1994). Evidence for nonconscious emotions. In P. Ekman 6:1 R. JDavidson (Eds.), The nature of emotions: Fundamental questions (pp. 293-297).New York: Oxford University Press.心理学空间zkS#FrP3}k

*w2P%SWFP%jbkG\0Murphy, S. T., Monahan, J L., &. Zajonc, R. B. (1995). Additivity of nonconsciousaffect: Combined effects of priming and exposure. Journal of Personality andSocial Psychology, 69, 589-602.心理学空间 }+a"LX Z$o;Sr&I

McIntosh, D., Zajonc, R. B., Vig, P. S., &. Emerick, S. W. (1997). Facial movement,breathing temperature and affect: Implications of the vascular theory of emotionalefference. Cognition and Emotion, 11, 171-195.心理学空间PH3]-hXlh\^

S J9f!RX7]%@;D:r0Winkielman, P., Zajonc, R. B., 6:1 Schwarz, N. (1997). Subliminal affective primingis impervious to attributional manipulation. Cognition and Emotion, 11,433-465.心理学空间)DR a_5w7ts

Zajonc, R. B. (1997). Emotions. In D. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, &. G. Lindzey (Eds.),Handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 591-632). New York:McGraw-Hill.

6p`)U g] }0Zajonc, R. B., 6:1 Mullally, P. R. (1997). Birth order: Reconciling conflicting effects.American Psychologist, 52, 685-699.

%ELc5HR0Zajonc, R. B. (1999). One hundred years of rationality assumptions in social psychology.In A. Rodrigues 6:1 R. V. Levine (Eds.), Reflections on 100 years of experimentalsocial psychology (pp. 200-214). New York: Basic Books.心理学空间S
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Zajonc, R. B. (2000). Feeling and thinking: Closing the debate over the independenceof affect. In J P. Forgas (Ed.), Feeling and thinking: The role of affect in socialcognition (pp. 31-58). New York: Cambridge University Press.

xnq [A+Q!Jxur0Marie, A., Gabrielli, J D. E., Vaidya, C, Brown, B. R., Pratto, F., Zajonc, R. B., &.Shaw, R. J (in press). The mere exposure effect in patients with schizophrenia.Schizophrenia Bulletin.心理学空间o3u @-R7a

Monahan,J L., Murphy, S. T., &. Zajonc, R. B. (in press). Subliminal mere exposure:Specific, general and diffuse effects. Psychological Science.

参考文献

+ks*h)d ?0UNRAVELING THE COMPLEXITIES OF SOCIAL LIFE：A FESTSCHRIFT IN HONOR OF ROBERT B. ZAJONC EDITED BY JOHN A. BARGH AND DEBORAH K. ApSLEY AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION