雅克·拉康与弗洛伊德的精神分析实践
作者: Dany Nobus 丹尼·诺布斯 / 22269次阅读 时间: 2017年11月14日
来源: 雄伯译
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NggR,{7|w0NEUROTIC TRANSFERENCE 神经症的移情心理学空间U9c5i-t5g

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From time to time, neurotics fall victim to strange ‘diseases’ whose origins and features are so mysterious that they feel inclined to discard them as nonsense, were it not for the fact that they are also led to believe some specialist will probably be able to tell them what they are and what they mean. Quite unexpectedly, neurotics might experience extreme anxiety or confusion, states of mind which affect them (and/or their environment) to such an extent that they turn to somebody of whom they expect a solution. The aforementioned ‘passion of ignorance’ which sustains the neurotic repression is thus paired with a desire to know the truth behind the symptoms (the return of the repressed).

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[NMc'}1M@&Wf0有时,神经症者成为奇异的“疾病的受害者。这些疾病的起源与特征是如此的神秘,以致于他们感觉想要放弃它们,作为是无意义。假如不是因为这个事实:他们也被引的相信某个专家可能将会能够告诉他们,那些疾病是什么,以及那些疾病的意义是什么。完全出乎意料之外,神经症者可能经验极端的焦虑与混乱,这些心灵的状态影响他们,与(或)他们的环境。甚至,他们求助于某个人,他们期望他作为解答。前面所述的”无知的激情“,维持神经症者的压抑。这个无知的激情跟想要知道症状(被压抑物的回转)背后的真理的欲望因此匹配。心理学空间0T5@,s!v$HO

%rZ c&x0p5^"o0To Lacan (1988b[1953–54]:278–279), this search after the truth of what is unknown, despite the passion of ignorance, is a necessary condition for symbolic transference to occur. If psychotics are only capable of approaching somebody as an alter ego (imaginary transference), neurotics are able to grant someone the authority which they themselves lack and to apply to him with a request for knowledge. The latter aspect signals the installation of a ‘supposed subject of knowing’ whenever neurotics turn to somebody for help or advice, a supposition which Lacan judged altogether absent in psychotic transference.心理学空间(O"lnXG7Y*W`

E d|_Q^g-o{0对于拉康,对于未知事物的真理的这种寻求,尽管是无知的激情,是一个必要的条件,让象征的移情可以发送。假如精神病者仅是能够接近某个人,作为替代的自我(想像的移情),神经症者则是能够给予某个人这个权威,他们自己欠缺的权威,并且应用到他身上,作为知识的要求。后者的层面指示著“被认为是知道的主体“的安置。每当神经症者求助于某个人的帮助,或劝告。这一种假设,拉康判断是完全欠缺的,在精神病者的移情。

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R C$RyZ;]:B0This account of neurotic transference can be further elaborated in line with the hysterical and obsessional versions of the neurotic structure. Each of these variants displays a number of singularities of transference, on which analysts can rely for diagnostic purposes and which pose auxiliary challenges to their position during the treatment. In canvassing the properties of hysterical and obsessional transference, Lacan consulted primarily Freud’s case-studies of Dora (1905e[1901]) and the Rat Man (1909d), which he explored in two year-long seminars during the early 1950s and to which he returned intermittently until the 1970s.42

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1x};e,@)Y$A0神经症者的移情的描述也能够更进一步地被建构,来跟癔症与妄想神经症对于神经症结构的版本符合。这些不同变数的每一个都展现移情的许多独异性。精神分析家能够依靠它们,为了诊断的目的。它们形成辅助的挑战,对于他们在移情时的立场。拉康最初参照弗洛伊德对于朵拉与鼠人的个案研究。他在两个漫长的研讨班探索这两个个案,在1950年代早期。然后,在1970年代,拉康又间歇地回到这两个个案。心理学空间@2_&g"DF0x'D

-ax%Ys*?oAC0From a Lacanian point of view, the case-study of the Rat Man contains many instructive passages pertaining to the patient’s peculiar investment of Freud with the function of ‘supposed subject of knowing’.43 From the start of the treatment, the Rat Man testified to his profound scepticism and his ambiguous ‘emotional tie’ with Freud. During the initial contact the young man divulged (ibid.: 159) that he had been drawn to him because his own ‘efforts of thought’ bore a striking resemblance to some of the ‘curious verbal associations’ Freud had explained in ‘The Psychopathology of Everyday Life’. 心理学空间GK9IX-b{/o

9AT&_#dfz)}0从拉康派的观点,鼠人的个案研究包含许的启示的段落。这些段落归属于弗洛伊德对于病人的特殊的投注用“被认为是知道的主体“的功能。从治疗的开始,鼠人就证实他的深奥的怀疑主义,与他跟弗洛伊德的模糊嗳昧的”情感的关系“在最初的接触时,这位年轻人详述,他曾经被吸引到弗洛伊德。因为他自己的”思想的努力“跟弗洛伊德在”日常生活的心理学“解释的耐人寻味的文词的联想,具有明显的类似。

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`0E6t v \7Rsosu0But during the third session the Rat Man defied Freud’s expectations of him wanting the analyst to use his expertise to resolve these ‘efforts of thought’, by pointing out that he merely wanted Freud to give him a certificate endorsing his obsessional behaviours (ibid.: 173). On the one hand, the Rat Man presented himself as a model patient, speaking at length about his sexual mischief, producing numerous childhood memories and tentatively pursuing even the most daring of Freud’s theoretical constructions. 心理学空间!T2BP k9g4MU

/`2g%X w0SE0但是在第三次看诊时,鼠人挑衅弗洛伊德对他的期望。他想要精神分析家使用他的灵巧来解决这些“思想的努力“。他指出,他仅是想要弗洛伊德给予他一张证书,确认他的妄想症的行为。另一方面,鼠人呈现他自己,作为是模范病人。他详细地言说,关于性的恶作剧。他提出无数的童年的记忆,并且姑且地追寻即使是最大胆的事情,对于弗洛伊德的理论的建构。 On the other hand, he expressed his doubts about everything Freud told him, identified Freud with the regiment Captain who was so fond of cruelty and spouted ‘the grossest and filthiest abuse’ upon Freud and his family (ibid.: 169, 209). When voicing these terms of abuse, the Rat Man floated around Freud’s office, at first because he could not tolerate lying comfortable on the couch whilst offending his analyst, then because he was afraid that Freud was going to hit him (ibid.: 209). Vis-a-vis Freud the Rat Man behaved in the fashion of a gentleman crook, continuously taking the analyst for a ride within the strictest constraints of courtesy. For the greater part of his analysis, the Rat Man tried to neutralize the subjective aspect of Freud’s knowledge by transforming his analyst into an abstract, absolute master who represents knowledge, but whose knowledge is unfortunately a dead loss.

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在另一方面,他表达他的怀疑,关于弗洛伊德告诉他的一切事情。他将弗洛伊德认同是军团的上尉。这位上尉如此喜欢残酷。鼠人对于弗洛伊德与他的家人发泄“最粗俗,最恶劣的辱骂“。鼠人在弗洛伊德的辦公室逗留徘徊。起初是因为他无法容忍舒适地躺在长沙发上。另一方面,他冒犯他的精神分析家。因为他害病弗洛伊德将会打他。跟弗洛伊德面对面时,鼠人行为,以绅士般的骗子的方式。他继续不断地带精神分析家去兜风,在最严谨的礼貌的约束之内。他的精神分析的大部分期间,鼠人尝试将弗洛伊德的知识的主体的层面保持中立。他转移他的精神分析家成为抽象的,绝对的主人。这位绝对的主人代表知识。但是他的知识很不幸地是致命的丧失。

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This obsessional attempt to annihilate the subjective component within the ‘supposed subject of knowing’ can exhibit itself in various other ways. Some obsessional neurotics are not driven to analysts because they expect them to dispel their misfortune; instead of treatment for a particular problem, they seek intellectual adventure, the joy of spontaneous reflection under the watchful eye of a silent, knowledgeable authority.

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*Z#oi(};Uh{0妄想症者企他消灭主体的成分,在“被认为是知道的主体“之内。这个企图能够展现它自己,用各个不同的其他方式。某些的妄想神经症者被吸引到精神分析家,并不是因为他们期望精神分析家驱除他们的不幸。他们并不是寻求特殊难题的治疗。相反地,他们寻求知识的冒险,自动自发的反思的享乐,在沉默的知晓的权威的观望的眼睛之下。心理学空间Z#e'vNB!iZe'o

2~7q.`^-lB3lx0Some patients hope to receive an official confirmation of their (un)suitability for analysis rather than a proper analytic treatment. Some are doubtful about the clinical value of psychoanalysis and the expertise of the analyst, but still hope to be given the opportunity to add some inside clinical experience to what they already know about it. And some claim that psychoanalysis, whilst inadequate for improving the quality of their lives, will enhance their capacity to solve the problems in their environment.

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某些病人希望接收到正式的证实,对于他们的适合(不适合)于精神分析,而不是要获得适当的精神分析的治疗。有些病人怀疑精神分析的临床的价值与精神分析家的专业。但是他们依旧希望被给予机会补充某个内在的临床的经验,给予他们已经知道关于它的东西。某些病人宣称,精神分析将会强化他们的能力,解决在他们的环境里的难题,尽管精分析并不足够来改进他们的生活的品质。

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In a sense, obsessional neurotics are not waiting for an innovative analytic solution to their questions, because they have already explored all the possible answers themselves. They merely want the analyst to give them permission for carrying out one solution or the other. Sometimes this obsessional strategy to eradicate the subjective basis of knowledge can resemble the psychotic’s eagerness to find an authority who is willing to validate the truth of the delusion. Yet the crucial difference is that obsessionals do acknowledge the other as an (unknown) Other, which betrays itself for example in their unremitting self-assessment in relation to the person they are talking to.心理学空间$_:xw2@I

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从某个意义言,妄想症的神经症者并没有等待创新的精神分析的解决他们的问题。因为他们自己已经探索所有的可能的解答。他们仅是想要精神分析家给予他们容许,实将某个的解决。有时,妄想症的策略,要抹除知识的主体的基础,他们有时类似精神病的渴望找到权威。这位权威愿意证实幻觉的真理。可是,这个重要的差异是,妄想症者确实承认他者,作为是一位未知的大他者。譬如,这位未知的大他者违背它自己,当他们不断地自我-评估,跟他们正在对谈的这个人。

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After having scorned his analyst the Rat Man wondered: ‘How can a gentleman like you, sir…let yourself be abused in this way by a low, good-for-nothing fellow like me? You ought to turn me out: that’s all I deserve’ (ibid.: 209). Psychotics do not engage in this type of timorous, irresolute reflection because they are absolutely certain about their own and the other’s intentions.心理学空间0fY\._N,V

!Mq*@P%T#_E+Q7C0鼠人藐视他的精神分析家之后,他开始想要知道:「像你这样的一位绅士,先生、、、如何会让你自己被以这个方式凌虐,被一位像我这样的低俗的无用之人凌虐?你应该将我驱赶出去。那是我罪有应得。」精神病者并没有参与这种的恐惧的无法解决的反思。因为他们绝对确实,关于他们自己与别人的意图。

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By contrast with the obsessionals’ ploys to deny the existence of a subjective body of knowledge, hysterics advocate the incompleteness and relativity of knowledge. In this way, hysterics emphasize what obsessionals endeavour to exclude: the subjective dimension of all knowledge which ratifies its fundamental unsteadiness.44 This hysterical epistemology first of all affects the way in which hysterics reconstruct and reflect upon their own life-histories.

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!s3_Qg c4oT(d0跟妄想症者想要否认知道的主体的身体的策略对照起来,癔症者主张知识的不完整与相对性。用这个方式,癔症者强调妄想症者的企图要排除的东西:所有的知识的主体的维度。这个主体的维度认可它的基本的不稳定。这个癔症者的认识论首先影响到这个方式,癔症者重建与反思他们自己的一生的历史的方式。

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#` OC0z:uS0As Freud noticed from his earliest encounters with hysterics, the patients’ stories are immensely fragmentary, oblique, incoherent and inconsistent. In the first chapter of his case-study of Dora, Freud attributed this ostensible defectiveness of the hysterical memory to the synergetic action of three interlocking factors (conscious insincerity, unconscious insincerity and genuine amnesia), simultaneously highlighting its clinical usefulness as a criterion for differentiating between hysteria and physical ailments, and the impediment it constitutes to psychoanalytic anamnesis (Freud 1905e[1901]:17).

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(k7]RGbRj`&?0当弗洛伊德注意到,从他的早期跟癔症者的遭遇,病人的故事巨大地成为片断,模糊,不一贯,与不一致。在他对于朵拉的个案研究的第一章节。弗洛伊德将癔症者的记忆的这个显著的缺点,归咎于三个纠缠的因素(意识的不诚恳,无意识的不诚恳,与真正的遗忘)的活力的行动。弗洛伊德同时强调它的临床的用途,作为是区别的标准,区别癔症与生理的病痛。它形成的障碍,对于精神分析的遗忘。

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0eb_2`(VG0Working from Freud’s comments on this ‘ambiguity of the hysterical revelation of the past’, Lacan interpreted the lacunae in the hysteric’s memory as typical manifestations of the unconscious, whose truth can be rediscovered during analytic treatment (Lacan 1977e[1953]:46–50). To Lacan, the ‘unconscious is that part of the concrete discourse…that is not at the disposal of the subject in reestablishing the continuity of his conscious discourse’, and the purpose of psychoanalysis is to indicate to the patient where the truth of these ‘censored chapters’ lies buried (ibid.: 49–50).心理学空间(vi{};tw*u7p

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当拉康研究弗洛伊德对于“癔症者的过去的显露的模糊嗳昧“,拉康解释癔症者的记忆的这个脱漏,作为是无意识的典型的展示。无意识的真理能够重新被发现,在精神分析的治疗。对于拉康,这个无意识是具体辞说的那个部分、、、并不受到主体支配的部分,当它重新建立他的意识的辞说的连续性。精神分析的目的是要跟病人指示,这些的”被审查的章节“的真理被埋葬在哪里。

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+k9r9~z1hvH5P0The problematic nature of the ‘supposed subject of knowing’ in obsessional neurosis, and the hysterical promotion of the unconscious (as functional yet inaccessible knowledge) probably emboldened Lacan to argue that the hysterisation of the patient is the subjective condition for the deployment of the analytic discourse. In Seminar XVII he put it as follows: What the analyst institutes as analytic experience can be said simply —it is the hysterisation of discourse. In other words, it is the structural introduction, under artificial conditions, of the discourse of the hysteric… (Lacan 1991a[1969–70]:35–36)心理学空间 {!}ZE2K5\I)r!bF

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“被认为是知道的主体“,在妄想神经症者是一个问题重重的特性。癔症者将无意识提升(作为功能,可是无法接近的知识),可能让拉康大胆主张,病人的成为癔症,是主体获得精神分析辞说的策略的情况。在第七研讨班,拉康表达它如下:精神分析家所开启的东西,作为精神分析的经验,能够简单地说:让辞说成为癔症。换句话说,在人为的情况下,癔症者的辞说介绍结构、、、心理学空间y5cI+IS4{ inD8Y?

*K,w:D'[IAbqx/~0Hysteria is a precondition for the pursuit of proper analytic treatment because only hysterical transference involves the installation of a ‘supposed subject of knowing’ in combination with a ‘knowledge that is not known’ (un savoir qui ne se sait pas) (ibid.: 32–33). The process of hysterisation itself involves no more no less than the analyst’s induction of a question on the side of the analysand.

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$QZ+K @ K)N0癔症是精神分析治疗的追寻的先前情况。因为仅有癔症的移情牵涉到“被认为是知道的主体“的安置,跟”没有被知道的知识“组合一块。成为癔症的过程本身就牵涉到恰恰就是精神分析家,站在分析者的这边,推论问题。心理学空间_`7P:D,?J*Q

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When faced with obsessional neurotics, hysterisation implies that the analyst tries to bring his patients to the point where they admit that the analyst is not merely a necessary burden, a slightly annoying artefact of the analytic disposition, but a figure from whom they can expect a solution to their problems. Such an avowal presupposes the obsessional patients’ acknowledgement that they lack conscious control over some key aspects of their lives or, in Lacanese, that some kind of knowledge seems to be at work in them that they themselves know nothing about (a headless knowledge, so to speak).

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$z5s'R9R|2c({0当成为癔症面临妄想神经症,这暗示着,精神分析家尝试要将病人带地这个点:他们承认,精神分析家不仅是一个必要的负担,精神分析的性情的稍微令人懊恼的人工赝品。而且也是一个人物,他们期望从他那里获得他们的难题的解答。这样一个宣称预先假设妄想症的病人的承认:他们欠缺意识的控制他们生活的某些关键的层面。或者,用拉康的话说,某种的知识似乎正在他们身上运作。他们自己什么都不知的,关于(一个无头无脑的知识,也就是说)。

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#{pJHD0Analysts might infer from the hysterical supposition of knowledge that it gives them a privileged position in the treatment, to the extent that it enables them to apply their theoretical and clinical expertise to the details of the individual life-history and to initiate their hysterical patients into the true nature of their suffering. However, matters are not that straightforward. By way of example I can refer to Freud’s description of what happened in the case of a young girl each time he revealed to her the details of a homosexual experience which she had apparently repressed, and of which the girl’s mother had informed him:心理学空间iWPx,L

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精神分析可能推论,根据癔症者对于知识的假设,这给予他们具有特权的地位,在治疗里。甚至,这让他们能够运用他们的理论与临床的专业,探讨个人生命-历史的细节,并且启发他们的癔症的病人,探讨他们痛苦的真实的特性。可是,事情并不是那样直接了当。作为例子,我能够提到弗洛伊德的描述,对于一位年轻女孩的个案所发生的事情。每一次他跟她显示同性恋的经验的细节,她显而易见曾经压抑的同性恋的经验。这女孩的母亲曾经告诉他,有关这个同性恋:

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Every time I repeated her mother’s story to the girl she reacted with a hysterical attack, and after this she forgot the story once more. There is no doubt that the patient was expressing a violent resistance against the knowledge that was being forced upon her. Finally she simulated feeble-mindedness and a complete loss of memory in order to protect herself against what I had told her. (Freud 1913c:141–142)心理学空间IsCgs3w

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每次,我对这位女孩重复她的母亲的故事,她的反应是癔症的发作。癔症发作之后,她再次忘记这个故事。无可置疑地,病人正在表达猛烈的抗拒,对抗被强制在他身上的这个知识。最后,她伪装精神衰弱,以及完全丧失记忆,为了保护她自己,对抗我告诉他的东西。心理学空间/prW1Sa1\

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This hysterical patient suffered from a severe lapse of memory and an ardent desire to know the truth, but as soon as Freud told her what had happened she refused to acknowledge it, pretending she had not heard, or developing new symptoms merely to challenge the validity of the analyst’s comments.45心理学空间T;Z,^ UX3S

r8y:q$w][c V0这位癔症的病人遭受严重的记忆的丧失的痛苦,以及熱切地想要知道真理。但是当弗洛伊德告诉他所曾经发生过的事情,她拒绝承认它。她假装她没有听见,或是显示新的症状,仅是为了挑战精神分析家评论的正确性。

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_&fv@D C%HLL0This process indicates how the hysterical cultivation of the relativity of knowledge not only distorts the patients’ memories, but also invalidates the theories with which they are being imbued by those who believe that hysterics are merely seeking to know. By the very nature of their relationship to knowledge, hysterics are keen to find omnipotent sources of learning, but as soon as these master-figures become convinced of the reality of their positions the power of their knowledge is nullified. In yet another discussion of Freud’s Dora case, Lacan claimed that the hysteric incarnates the truth of the master, which is that the master is castrated (Lacan 1991a[1969–70]:110).

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这个过程指示著,这位癔症者对于知识的相对性的培养,不但扭曲病人的记忆,而且让理论成为无效。他们正在被灌输的这些理论,被那些人们。那些人们相信癔症者仅是尝试要知道。由于他们跟知识的关系的这特性,癔症者很渴望找到无所不能的学问的来源。但是当这些大师-人物变得相信他们的立场的现实,知识的力量被变成无效。在弗洛伊德探讨朵拉的个案的另一个讨论。拉康宣称,癔症者具体表现主人的真理。那就是,这位主人被阉割。

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i`&]X7YfT0This dynamics poses a major challenge to the analyst working with (hystericized) neurotic patients, because he must refrain from complying with their incessant demands for knowledge whilst ensuring that this ‘refusal to answer’ does not eliminate the symbolic transference, i.e. the patient’s view of the analyst as a supposed subject of knowing. Another difficulty concerns the hysterical indulgence in so-called ‘lateral transferences’, whereby patients submerge themselves in a panoply of relationships with alternative ‘supposed subjects of knowing’—including friends, family members, and non-analytic professionals—merely to discredit the analyst’s interventions. In this situation, the analyst may feel that she has to compete with a score of would-be analysts, since the patient is incessantly comparing her interpretations to those of others.

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这个动力结构形成一个主要的挑战,对于研究(癔症)的神经症的病人的精神分析家。因为他必须控制不要同意他们的不断的要求获得知识。另一方面,他必须保证,这个“拒绝回答“病没有减少象征的移情。譬如,病人对于精神分析家的观点,作为是被认为是知道的主体。另外一个困难关系到癔症者耽溺于所谓的”后期的移情“。在那里,病人隐藏自己在跟替代的”被认为知道的主体“的关系的华服美饰。包括朋友,家庭成员,与非-精神分析的专业。仅是为了否定精神分析家的介入。在这个情况,精神分析家可能感觉,她必须跟许多的自愿的精神分析分庭抗礼。因为病人不断地将她的解释跟其他人们的解释做比较。心理学空间poO^$Qa;k

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In the final session of his seminar on Freud’s technical papers, Lacan tried to solve these problems by arguing that the analyst’s position should emblematize ignorantia docta, a ‘wise ignorance’, in the sense of a recognition of the limits of one’s understanding, as described by the German Renaissance philosopher Nicholas Cusanus (Lacan 1988b[1953– 54]: 278).46 At the end of the 1960s, he formalized this analytic ignorantia docta in the so-called ‘discourse of the analyst’, in which knowledge (savoir) functions on the place of truth and the ‘supposed subject of knowing’ is transferred to the side of the patient (Lacan 1991a[1969– 70]: 32–42).47心理学空间~)s2Xr0H

+]nG~/C0在拉康探讨弗洛伊德的精神分析技术论文的最后几堂,拉康尝试解决这些难题。他主张说,精神分析家的立场应该让“大智若愚“成为标志。因为分析家体认到一个人的理解力的限制。如同德国文艺复興时期的哲学家尼古拉 邱撒那所描述的。在1960年代末期,拉康说明精神分析家的“大智若愚”,用所谓的“精神分析家的辞说”。在那里,知识在真理的位置发挥功能,“被认为知道的主体”被转移到病人的这一边。心理学空间-Hd(e4f4? ?+S

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