Ernst Kris
Ernst Kris (Born on April 26, 1900, in Vienna and died on February 27, 1957, in
New York) was an American psychoanalyst and art historian. Kris was the son of
Leopold Kris, a lawyer, and Rosa Schick.
1900年4月26日出生于维也纳，1957年2月27日卒于纽约。美国精神分析学家、艺术史学家。律师Leopold Kris和罗莎Schick的儿子。
Kris not only practiced as a psychoanalyst, he also worked as an art historian
and published articles on art history. As a psychoanalyst, he made some
important contributions to the psychology of the artist and the psychoanalytic
interpretation of works of art and caricature. In the review Imago he published
his first psychoanalytic study, "Ein geisteskranker Bildhauer" (A mentally ill
sculptor) on Franz Xaver Messerschmidt.
During the end of the 1910’s and the beginning of the 1920’s, Kris studied at
the Department of Art History at the University of Vienna. One of the professors
was Emanuael Loewy, a friend of Sigmund Freud.
In 1927 Kris married Marianne Rie, the daughter of another friend of Freud,
Oscar Rie. They had two children. Kris and his wife both became psychoanalysts
and Kris began to publish psychoanalytic papers.
A year later, in 1928, Kris intensified his working relationship with Freud, and
he became a member of the Vienna Psychoanalytic Society. Between 1930 and 1938,
Kris worked as a lecturer at the Vienna Psychoanalytic Institute.
In 1933, Freud asked Kris to become editor of the Imago magazine.
In 1938, Kris fled to England, after Hitler invaded Austria. In England he
became a lecturer and training analyst at the London Institute of
Psychoanalysis, until 1940. At the same time, Kris analyzed Nazi radio
broadcasts for the BBC.
In 1940, Kris and his family moved to New York, where he became a professor at
the New School for Social Research and in 1943 he began to work as a lecturer at
the New York Psychoanalytic Institute and the College of the City of New York.
In 1945 he co-founded the journal The Psychoanalytic Study of the Child with
Anna Freud and Marie Bonaparte.
In 1946, Kris became a fellow of the American Orthopsychiatric Association and
an associate of the American Psychological Association. He also became a member
of the editorial board of the Journal of the American Psychoanalytic
Association.
Kris dedicated the last years of his life on the psychoanalytic theory, ego
psychology, early childhood development and a theory of psychoanalytic
technique.
Kris was one of the first developers of the new ego psychology, a school of
psychoanalysis that originated in Freud’s ego-superego-id model. He proposed a
new way to enter the unconscious; not via a fast and immediate entrance, but via
exploration by the surface. It consists of exposing defense mechanisms and not
of exploring the id.
Some of his most influential articles, articles in books or books are:
Psychoanalytic explorations in art (book)
Comments on the Formation of Psychic Structure (article[s] in book)
The Recovery of Childhood Memories in Psychoanalysis (article)
The recovery of childhood memories in psychoanalysis (article)
On Some Vicissitudes of Insight in Psycho-Analysis (article)
References
Stephen A. Mitchell & Margaret J.: “Freud and Beyond”, Publisher: Basic Books,
1995, ISBN 0-465-01405-4.
