Behavior Theory and Learning: Selected Papers
作者: Kenneth Spence / 10601次阅读 时间: 2012年11月23日
来源: Literary Licensing, LLC 标签: Spence 行为主义
Behavior Theory and Learning: Selected Papers 作 者:Kenneth Wartenbee Spence
出 版:Literary Licensing, LLC
书 号:9781258267810
原 价:¥400.90元
www.psychspace.com心理学空间网心理学空间3~_)h6tW#R$x

Behavior Theory and Learning: Selected Papers

ZZO _ o jJ+E b0

q6jERmE o0作  者:Kenneth Wartenbee Spence心理学空间*[ hF V;L4N6~8J2G#D

心理学空间 U5q!i{#n2y

   

8h q^;au,J1vX0

Preface

心理学空间/~'P/zpi*N:_

The following collection of papers, while mostly theoretical in nature, includes a number of experimental articles that have served as vehicles for elaborating the behavior theory approach of the writer. Consisting of twenty previously published articles and two new papers, the volume offers a kind of behavior or activity sample of a psychologist who has not only been concerned with attempting to bring the kind of order into psychological phenomena that theories provide, but has also had an abiding interest in the nature and role of theory per se in this scientific endeavor.

jB;Ju O`t7s]0心理学空间\"~w/qC+?{_

心理学空间'sh^D$@t Q

心理学空间gi0`V/glx

This latter interest is reflected especially in the papers that have been grouped into Part I of the book. Primarily concerned with philosophical and methodological problems of psychology, i.e., its philosophy of science, these articles discuss both empirical questions relating to the requirements that scientific concepts must fulfill in order to be both testable and significant and the nature and role of theoretical structures in providing for scientific explanation in psychology. For the most part, the first three articles provide an exposition and analysis of the views of learning theorists as to the function of the theoretical constructs in their formulations. For example, in the first article, Hull's theorizing of the late thirties was revealed as not being of the type that began with the introduction of an axiomatic system which was later coordinated to empirical concepts as he thought, but as being essentially similar in nature to Tolman's intervening variable approach. Following the appearance of this article Hull acknowledged that his theory was of this type and he explicitly employed intervening variables in his Principles of Behavior.心理学空间&G9\L%hW:U*rn V

a a n\ Z2I@0

{,|^9s\{ ^kB0心理学空间M0d'}4D!jpU#S

As far as the concept of intervening variables is concerned these three earlier articles were primarily expository in nature, attempting merely to present the views of Hull and Tolman as to the nature and function of this type of theoretical concept. The writer's own interpretation of the function that the intervening variables serve in present day psychology is presented in the two final papers of Part I, particularly in the third section of the last paper. Acknowledged as being primarily abstractive in nature, intervening variables--when used in conjunction with the laws interrelating them and the so-called composition rules (laws)--are nevertheless regarded as having "surplus meaning" in the sense that they permit the derivation of laws concerning phenomena quite different from those in which they originated. Abstracted from investigations of simple classical and instrumental conditioning, the intervening variables of behavior theory, in conjunction with composition laws, provide for derivations concerning more complex behavior, such as is involved in selective (discrimination) learning, paired associate learning, etc. The final article in Part I also presents the author's conception (methodological behaviorism) of the empirical basis of a scientific psychology and contrasts it with the diametrically opposed empathic approach of Allport.心理学空间~*~ wAx3y

O2C9w+h+e1C2O)ug0心理学空间P7fby`$V-e-{

心理学空间#W/}Y%h!x

Part II contains a heterogeneous collection of papers concerned both with the basic theoretical structure of learning phenomena developed by the author from simple conditioning studies and with extrapolations of this theory to more complex types of behavior such as are involved in simple T-maze, complex serial mazes, and paired associates learning in humans. The first previously unpublished paper (No. 6) contrasts the development of Hull's and the author's views on reinforcement and then extends the theoretical model presented in the writer's Silliman Lectures ( Behavior Theory and Conditioning) to some of the phenomena resulting from non-reinforcement and partial reinforcement. Several papers (Nos. 8-12) representative of the writer's theoretical and experimental studies of the role of drive (D) in determining performance level in simple (eyelid conditioning) and more complex learning tasks (paired associates) are also included.

qe"J dpS0

5~m O:vne0

@;d5Cm8i/\"u(`z0心理学空间?+I8W@'mVW

One feature of this latter theory is the manner in which it goes beyond the intervening variable type of theorizing and attempts to offer a speculative theory as to the processes underlying the intervening variable, in this instance the hypothetical emotional response (re) as the basis for general drive level, D. The extent to which the writer has engaged in this dual type of theorizing has not always been recognized. For example, in addition to this hypothesis concerning D, the writer has also introduced the hypothetical concepts of the fractional anticipatory goal response (rg) as the basis of the incentive motivational variable K, and the fractional anticipatory frustration response (rf) as playing an important motivational and directing role in the phenomena of extinction and partial reinforcement.心理学空间,K?O]f

!i }0hr|T_0

P2Ev9Q*S f-Lv0心理学空间%@?]~8Xu3h0O&}

The final paper in Part II is one in which the author attempted to compare cognition and S-R theories of learning. In addition to pointing out the few genuine differences of principle between the two viewpoints and the many differences that are merely a matter of emphasis or interest, the article attempts to show in a schematic fashion how one S-R theorist would deal with perception.

1Dk8C"b6XX V0心理学空间mat$L J|"Z"C

2z9i%_C Gc0心理学空间z(w%P Wa [#X

In Part III of the volume, three early theoretical articles on discrimination learning, the phenomenon of transposition, and the continuity-noncontinuity issue are followed by representative empirical studies concerned with testing of the theoretical schema. The final two articles represent more recent theoretical developments in this area. One (No. 21) deals briefly and in a preliminary fashion with the more complex types of discrimination behavior involving various kinds of patterning. The other (No. 22) is a new, previously unpublished paper which, after surveying the different theories of discrimination learning, describes two different conceptual models of selective behavior that have been used by Hull and the writer in the past. A third, new model which includes some features of Tolman's sowbug and which provides for predictions concerning vicarious trial and error (VTE) behavior at the choice point as well as per cent correct choices is also described briefly.心理学空间a$j%h1n3Si(e

心理学空间 Z-{4VTn7QkX

心理学空间*K'p w2Z{,L/ix_

心理学空间"APm)sVBg

A number of the papers were written in collaboration with colleagues and former students. I wish to thank all of them for permitting me to include these joint pieces. Aside from minor editorial changes the papers are reprinted as they originally appeared.心理学空间'NL&KIG$F

心理学空间 DA2CS z\Vm p d

&LN"h'?f6H\0

1U+~O"d o z?,M8M |0In the case of the two new papers, I am indebted to Leonard E. Ross for the preparation of the graphs and to my secretary, Helen G. Stone, for the typing of the manuscripts. Mrs. Stone also aided in the editorial changes made in the reprinted articles.心理学空间1^Qxr E@Mq

心理学空间$YY7Jrl-s&A _

/BMIU:`!b$f0心理学空间;t ^1t qGSj

Kenneth W. Spence心理学空间y2@"T3x ZM)q

心理学空间1mA y'G/B9P8d6J

心理学空间"H i'Y-hm;pZ

jI8_'x'aileeg0Autumn, 1960

b5q"DcG%l0

+m^!T$y4^:{n0心理学空间*X#A;X"A1_0h+pv

Table of contents


2pjX {;nI F^0
$Im w0ASV$~Z!]0Title Page i心理学空间(DC-g"`2?0l C:`
Preface iii心理学空间 `)s)U_%Kx/W5P8U;\*F
Table of Contents vii心理学空间$Ac0w/T%v!a5q-y
Acknowledgments xi
w)ai#i)s'@6Y0Part I - Methodological Basis of Psychology 1
Qc Gw9C [`02 - The Nature of Theory Construction in Contempory Psychology 17心理学空间9D&|RxUK/O9{
3 - The Postulates and Methods of "Behaviorism" 39
0r HT p+H6T7l8|4T(c04 - Mathematical Formulations of Learning Phenomena 57心理学空间,d q2V#r9QV Q
5 - The Empirical Basis and Theoretical Structure of Psychology 71心理学空间7U?D6E ^T
Part II - Behavior Theory 89心理学空间? a'FZ't*xw;wbWk
7 - The Relation of Response Latency and Speed to the Intervening Variables and N in S-R Theory 113
-kx3k%r},E*y&z)xU5^E08 - A Theory of Emotionally Based Drive (d) and Its Relation to Performance in Simple Learning Situations 125
7E8J(?M'f-|4`R09 - Learning and Performance in Eyelid Conditioning as a Function of Intensity of the Ucs 148心理学空间R8R.N8P3t Z8uC
10 - Ucs Intensity and the Associative (habit) Strength of the Eyelid Cr, 161
6z9O*h-E)g5k011 - Performance in Eyelid Conditioning Related to Changes in Muscular Tension and Physiological Measures of Emotionality 175心理学空间v2vo H!ov&K K ?i
12 - The Relation of Anxiety (drive) Level to Performance in Competitional and Non- Competitional Paired-Associates Learning , 185心理学空间 xvu(q tl8Y\
13 - A Study of Simple Learning under Irrelevant Motivational-Reward Conditions] 202心理学空间^7i9W]?E.jsB
14 - The Order of Eliminating Blinds in Maze Learning by the Rat 225心理学空间9rg.oTTz6Yvr.H
15 - Cognitive versus Stimulus-Response Theories of Leaming 245
1yuoCrN K0Part III - Discrimination Learning 267心理学空间'A t&hT"W(|bYC
17 - The Differential Response in Animals to Stimuli Varying within a Single Dimension 292
A[!g}ae}:k a*|018 - Continuous versus Non-Continuous Interpretations of Discrimination Learning 308
DX0y"[G0Cr1r7U019 - Gradual versus Sudden Solution of Discrimination Problems by Chimpanzees 326心理学空间f-x?O)e:ue
20 - The Basis of Solution by Chimpanzees of the Intermediate Size Problem 339心理学空间\1O[Jo
21 - The Nature of the Response in Discrimination Learning 359
0U*Cc3z1PW9H6HS022 - Conceptual Models of Spatial and Non-Spatial Selective Learning 366
s1O_u"zCq%V"e0 

YPo2}#_J0

Y O3kN&V(O0www.psychspace.com心理学空间网
TAG: Spence 行为主义
«肯尼思·斯宾塞Kenneth Wartinbee Spence 62 斯宾塞 | Kenneth Spence
《62 斯宾塞 | Kenneth Spence》
没有了»
延伸阅读· · · · · ·
查看全部回复