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n a t i o n a l a c a d e m y o f s c i e n c e s
Any opinions expressed in this memoir are those of the author(s)
and do not necessarily reflect the views of the
National Academy of Sciences.
carl iver Hovland
1912—1961
A Biographical Memoir by
roGe r n. s HePard
Biographical Memoir
Copyright 1998
NatioNal aCademies press
washiNgtoN d.C
CARL IVER HOVLAND