罗森塔尔 | Robert Rosenthal

Rosenthal effect
罗森塔尔(1933-),美国社会心理学家,加利福尼亚大学教授,主要研究兴趣是人际期望,即一个人对另一个行为的期望本身将导致该期望成为现实。同时他还对非言语交流很感兴趣。
 

Robert Rosenthal received both his B.A. and Ph.D. degree in psychology from UCLA, and taught at Harvard University for 37 years--first as a lecturer, later as chair of the Department of Psychology and Edgar Pierce Professor of Psychology. He has been a Distinguished Professor at UC Riverside since 1999. Dr. Rosenthal has lectured widely in the United States and around the world, and has received numerous awards and honors for his teaching and research. He was a Senior Fulbright scholar in 1972 and a Guggenheim fellow in 1973-74. In 1998 he was awarded several distinguished lectureships at the University of New Hampshire, at Dartmouth College, and at Yale University School of Medicine.

Dr. Rosenthal's research focuses on the role of the self-fulfilling prophecy in laboratory situations and in everyday life.

Robert Rosenthal's Experimenter Effects in Behavioral Research was published. By 1979, this book had been cited in over 740 other works and was featured as a "citation classic" in the journal Current Contents. Robert Rosenthal and Lenore Jacobson's book Pygmalion in the Classroom was published. The book reported the effects of teacher expectancies on teacher and student behavior. By 1980, this book had been cited in over 700 other publications and was chosen as a "citation classic" by the journal Current Contents


http://www.teaching.ucr.edu/rosenthal.html
164.67.36.19/paa/7rosenthal.htm

罗森塔尔效应(Robert Rosenthal Effect)


一位名叫罗森塔尔(Robert Rosenthal)的人,在1966年提出了这样一个问题:研究变态心理学的人,可能为研究者自身存在的一些问题,把研究结果“污染” 了。他设计了一些实验,试图证明实验者的偏见会影响研究结果。其中有一项实验是这样按排的:他让大学生用两组大白鼠做实验,主持实验的人告诉大学生们说, 这两种大白鼠品种不一样,一组是十分聪明的,另一组特别笨。事实上这两组大白鼠没有什麽差别,而大学生们都相信,实验结果肯定是不一样的。学生们让这两组大白鼠学习走迷宫,看看哪一组学得快。结果他们发现,“聪明”的那一组大白鼠比“笨”的那一组学得快。

罗森塔尔对这种果怎样解释呢?他推测说,这有能是由于实验者对“聪明”的动物和蔼友好,对待“笨”的动物粗暴而造成的。

在另一项引人注目的研究中,罗森塔尔及其同事,要求教师们对他们所教的小学生进行智力测验。他们告诉教师们说,班上有些学生属于大器晚成(late blooming)者,并把这些学生的名字念给老师听。罗森塔尔认为,这些学生的学习成绩可望得到改善。自从罗森塔尔宣布大器晚成者的名单之后,罗森塔尔就再也没有和这些学生接触过,老师们也再没有提起过这件事。事实上所有大器晚成者的名单,是从一个班级的学生中随机挑选出来的,他们与班上其他学生没有显著不同。可是当学期之末,再次对这些学生进行智力测验时,他们的成绩显著优于第一次测得的结果。这种结局是怎样造成的呢?罗森塔尔认为,这可能是因为老师们认为这些晚器大成的学生,开始崭露头角,予以特别照顾和关怀,以致使他们的成绩得以改善。

上述情况为什么会发生呢?用心理学的术语来说就是因为人们的头脑中事先就存在着一种定势,定势又作何解释呢?这需要从头说起。定势也可以说是一种心向,是指在对某一刺激发生反应以前,就已经存在的某种意向。比如你听别人说过,张某近来对你很不满意,那么你在遇到他时,即使他没有说一句对你不满的话,你也会体验到一种不自然的感觉。如果你听别人说这个人专会挑别人说话的毛病,那么你在同他讲话时,就不如平时讲话那样流利。这就是因为事先你的脑子里存在着一种趋势,由于这种趋势的存在,使你的反应同平时大不一样。