图片截自《三分钟爱上心理学》<日>尾形佳晃著
感觉剥夺实验Experiment of Sensory Deprivation概述
1954年,加拿大麦克吉尔大学的心理学家首先进行了“感觉剥夺”实验:实验中给被试者戴上半透明的护目镜,使其难以产生视觉;用空气调节器发出的单调声音限制其听觉;手臂戴上纸筒套袖和手套,腿脚用夹板固定,限制其触觉。被试单独呆在实验室里,几小时后开始感到恐慌,进而产生幻觉......在实验室连续呆了三四天后,被试者会产生许多病理心理现象:出现错觉幻觉;注意力涣散,思维迟钝;紧张、焦虑、恐惧等,实验后需数日方能恢复正常。这个实验(当然这种非人道的实验现在已经被禁止了)表明:大脑的发育,人的成长成熟是建立在与外界环境广泛接触的基础之上的。
创造是人的全部体力和智力都处在高度紧张状态下的有益的创新活动。而人的全部体力和智力从松弛状态转入高度紧张状态,需要给予适度的刺激。缺乏刺激的环境,就培养不出杰出的创造型人才。在没有刺激因素的环境中长期生活,人的意志就会衰退,智慧就会枯竭,理想就会丧失,才能就会退化。只有经常给予适度的刺激,才能激发起人的事业心、责任感和惊人的毅力。因此,对于不同的人才分别给予适度的刺激,是充分发掘他们创造力的一种有效方法。
人生活中受到的刺激
关系等等,这一切都应该产生足以“刺激”人才个体充分发挥创造力的强大压力,创造一种开拓进取的社会环境。工作富有挑战性,压力适中,负荷得当,有利于人才奋发进取。压力过轻,会使人能量“过剩”,滋生自满情绪;压力过重,又会使人能量“耗尽”,产生畏难情绪;唯有压力适度,人才才能恰到好处地发挥和使用自己的创造能量。
(1)社会刺激。主要包括整个社会的体制、制度、政治、法律,人们的思想、观念、道德规范、社会舆论、心理状况,工作环境和群体的人际(2)自我刺激。这是通过自我认识、自我鞭策、自我调节、自我控制,最大限度地开发人才创造力的一股重要的内在动力。
(3)物质刺激。这是人才赖于生存和发展的重要物质基础,它可以激励人才克服保守情绪、怠惰情绪、知足情绪,不断进取,不断开拓,从而使自己的创造力得到充分发挥。 ________
现在,让我们来假设一下。假如你被邀请参加一个实验。在这个实验里,你将待在一个只有一张舒适的床的小房间里,除了躺在床上休息或睡觉,你什么也不用做;只有在吃饭或上厕所时,才可以离开房间。而且,你还要戴上眼罩和手套,除了空调声,什么也听不见。你会享受这样的状态么?你可以待在这样的房间里多久?在实验中,会发生什么?
Sounds interesting? The experiment is called a sensory deprivation experiment. Let's continue to get more about it.
蛮有趣?这个实验叫做感觉剥夺实验。让我们继续看下去吧。
Sensory Deprivation Experiment
The experiment I mentioned above was done in the 1960s by psychologists. The relevant details are as following:
上面提到的实验是心理学家在20世纪60年代进行的。相关信息如下:
In 1958 at McGill University, Montreal, Hebb conducted the most detailed experiments up to that date. Volunteer students were isolated in an air-conditioned room. They wore translucent goggles so that they could only see a blur of light. They could hear nothing but a constant buzzing noise and they had to wear long cuffs which meant that they couldn't touch anything. As incentive they were offered $20 for every day they could stay in the room, and each had a 'panic button' which they had only to press to obtain instant relief. They were provided with a comfortable bed and good food.
1958年,蒙特利尔麦克吉尔大学的Hebb进行了当时看来最为详细的实验。学生志愿者被隔离在空调房里。他们戴着半透明的眼罩,只能看见一片模糊的光;除了持续的嗡嗡声,什么也听不见;戴着长袖套,什么也碰不到。而作为激励,他们待在房间里的每一天都可获得20美元(这在当时可是一大笔的Money哦),而且每个人都有一个“紧急按钮”以备不时之需。当然,不可少的还有舒适的床和良好的食物供应。
To start with, the volunteers tended to sleep, but soon they found that it was becoming increasingly difficult to concentrate and they developed an acute desire for any kind of stimulation to break the monotony. Many then began to experience startling visual and auditory hallucinations and after a while were unable to distinguish waking from sleeping. Despite the high pay for just lying on their backs, few could last more than two days and the most lasted was five days. Upon release they were given simple psychological tests which showed that their perceptions had become very disorientated – objects became blurred and fuzzy. Furthermore, while under the SD, they were found to be much more susceptible to any type of propaganda.
开始时,志愿者们还比较容易睡着,但很快他们就发现越来越难以集中注意力,而且急切地渴望能够有任何一种刺激来打破其单调的周遭。接着,许多人开始出现惊人的视觉和听觉方面的幻觉,而且一段时间后,他们已经分不清到底是在睡觉还是在清醒着。尽管每天只要躺在床上就可以获得高报酬,但没有多少人能在这样的状态下持续两天以上,最长也只是坚持了五天。离开空调房后,志愿者们都做了一个简单的心理测验。这个测验显示他们的观念都处于迷茫、迷失的状态--物体对象都变得模糊不清。而且,在感觉剥离状态下,他们更容易被任何类型的宣传所影响,很容易相信那些以前根本不相信的事情。
Note: 图片截自《三分钟爱上心理学》<日>尾形佳晃著。