客体关系中的皮肤体验
早年Esther Bick
王蕾译
精神分析师。出生于波兰,是一名犹太人。她创始并发展出观察婴儿和年幼儿童的一套方法,这套方法同时兼顾了科学性客观性以及如何使用观察者自己的情绪经验两方面。她接受梅兰妮克莱茵的分析,并于1949年,在约翰鲍比(John Bowlby)的邀请下来到塔维斯托克中心主要负责分析性训练课程的开发,藉此机会,她得以发展出婴儿观察训练并将其发展成为精神分析训练的基础课程。虽然她留世的文章很少,但都引起很大的反响,她的思想在整个英国,直到欧洲,甚至更大范围都有重要的影响力。
作者介绍:伊斯特毕克(1901-1983),是一名内科医生和(1968). International Journal of Psycho-Analysis, 49:484-486
(1968)国际精神分析期刊
The Experience of the Skin in Early Object-Relations
早年客体关系的皮肤体验
Esther Bick
作者:伊斯特.毕克
翻译:王蕾
The central theme of this brief communication is concerned with the primal function of the skin of the baby and of its primal objects in relation to the most primitive binding together of parts of the personality not as yet differentiated from parts of the body. It can be most readily studied in psychoanalysis in relation to problems of dependence and separation in the transference.
这篇短文的核心内容主要在于:婴儿皮肤的原始机能以及原初客体的原始机能,实际上涉及到最为初始的阶段是如何将人格组成的不同部分连接在一起而不是将身体的不同部位连接在一起。这个观点也可以用在精神分析研究移情中的依赖和独立。
The thesis is that in its most primitive form the parts of the personality are felt to have no binding force amongst themselves and must therefore be held together in a way that is experienced by them passively, by the skin functioning as a boundary. But this internal function of containing the parts of the self is dependent initially on the introjection of an external object, experienced as capable of fulfilling this function. Later, identification with this function of the object supersedes the unintegrated state and gives rise to the fantasy of internal and external spaces. Only then the stage is set for the operation of primal splitting and idealization of self and object as described by Melanie Klein. Until the containing functions have been introjected, the concept of a space within the self cannot arise. Introjection, i.e. construction of an object in an internal space is therefore impaired.
在最为初始的状况下,人格的组成部分如同一盘散沙,彼此之间毫无吸引力,它们只能利用皮肤的边界功能被动的被聚合在一起。但这种涵容自体各个部分的内在功能就完全仰赖于内摄一个外部客体,才有能力去完成这种内在功能。然后,对客体的认同联同上述对自体的涵容一起,将取代婴儿的非整合状态并激发出其对内在空间和外部空间的幻想。只有在这之后,婴儿才会进入梅兰妮克莱恩(Melanie Klein)所描述原始分裂和理想化(自体和客体)阶段。在涵容功能没有完成内摄之前,那么能够包含整个自体在内的空间是不会出现的。内摄功能一旦损害,内在空间中客体的结构就会被损害。
In its absence, the function of projective identification will necessarily continue unabated and all the confusions of identity attending it will be manifest.
投射性认同就必须以一种高强度的方式持续存在,以致于存在其中的全部认同困惑将都会被表现出来。
一旦该功能缺失,The stage of primal splitting and idealization of self and object can now be seen to rest on this earlier process of containment of self and object by their respective "skins".
在自体和客体的原始分裂和理想化(自体和客体)阶段,现在可以被看做是安顿于这个更加原始发展出的属于自体和客体的容器——各自的“皮肤”下。
The fluctuations in this primal state will be illustrated in case material, from infant observation, in order to show the difference between unintegration as a passive experience of total helplessness, and disintegration through splitting processes as an active defensive operation in the service of development. We are, therefore, from the economic point of view, dealing with situations conducive to catastrophic anxieties in the unintegrated state as compared with the more limited and specific persecutory and depressive ones.
焦虑,而不处理的话个体会产生更多限制性的以及特殊的被害和抑郁。
我将通过婴儿观察得到的素材来阐述这种早期阶段的波动。此举立意于区分非整合和去整合。非整合是指完全无助的被动体验,去整合是指在发展历程中通过分裂来实现的一种主动的防御策略。因此我们从经济学的角度来看,对此类情境的妥善处理有利于减少发生在非整合阶段的灾难性The need for a containing object would seem, in the infantile unintegrated state, to produce a frantic search for an object—a light, a voice, a smell, or other sensual object—which can hold the attention and thereby be experienced, momentarily at least, as holding the parts of the personality together. The optimal object is the nipple in the mouth, together with the holding and talking and familiar smelling mother.
在婴儿期非整合阶段,对涵容客体的需求将会体现在对客体——光线、声音、气味,或其他感官形式的客体——的疯狂寻找中。涵容客体是可以抱持关注的,因此至少可以暂时地让婴儿体验到人格的各个部分被抱持在一起。积极的客体是婴儿口中含着乳头的同时,身边有一直抱持的、说着话的以及气味熟悉的母亲。
Material will show how this containing object is experienced concretely as a skin. Faulty development of this primal skin function can be seen to result either from defects in the adequacy of the actual object or from fantasy attacks on it, which impair introjection. Disturbance in the primal skin function can lead to a development of a "second-skin" formation through which dependence on the object is replaced by a pseudo independence, by the inappropriate use of certain mental functions, or perhaps innate talents, for the purpose of creating a substitute for this skin container function. The material to follow will give some examples of "second-skin" formation.
皮肤是如何具体地被体验为一种涵容性客体将在素材中显示。不论是适应现实客体的功能不足,还是幻想中的攻击所导致的原始皮肤机能的发育缺陷都会损害内摄机制。原始皮肤的机能紊乱出于创造一个替代的皮肤容器的需要将会导致"次级皮肤"形式的发展。这个需要依赖客体才能发育的功能或许被假性独立所替代,或被不恰当地使用特定的心理功能所替代,或可能被天赋所替代。接下来的素材将会给出一些“次级皮肤”形式的具体例子。
Here I can only indicate the types of clinical material upon which these findings are based. My present aim is to open up this topic for a detailed discussion in a later paper.