Anderson，K.，& Costello，P. (2009). Relationships between prosocial behavior，spirituality，narcissism，and satisfaction
with life. Journal of Gustavus Undergraduate Psychology， 5，1–28. Back，M. D.，Schmukle，S. C.，& Egloff，B. (2010). Why are narcissists so charming at first sight? Decoding the narcissism-popularity link at zero acquaintance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，98，132–145.
Back，M. D.，Küfner，A. C. P.，Dufner，M.，Gerlach，T. M.，Rauthmann，J. F.，& Denissen，J. J. A. (2013). Narcissistic admiration and rivalry: Disentangling the bright and dark sides of narcissism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，105，1013–1037.
Bereczkei，T.，Birkas，B.，& Kerekes，Z. (2007). Public charity offer as a proximate factor of evolved reputation-building strategy: An experimental analysis of a real-life situation. Evolution and Human Behavior，28，277–284.
Bereczkei，T.，Birkas，B.，& Kerekes，Z. (2010). The presence of others，prosocial traits，machiavellianism. Social Psychology，41(4)，238–245.
Brown，R. P.，Budzek，K.，& Tamborski，M. (2009). On the meaning and measure of narcissism. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin，35，951–964.
Bushman，B. J.，Bonacci，A. M.，van Dijk，M.，& Baumeister，
R. F. (2003). Narcissism，sexual refusal，and aggression: Testing a narcissistic reactance model of sexual coercion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，84，1027–1040.
Campbell，W. K.，& Foster，C. A. (2002). Narcissism and commitment in romantic relationships: an investment model analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin，28(4)，484–495.
Campbell，W. K.，Goodie，A. S.，& Foster，J. D. (2004). Narcissism，con.dence，and risk attitude. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making，17，297–311.
Cohen，J，Cohen，P，West，S. G，& Aiken，L. S. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Hillsdale，NJ: Erlbaum，
De Dreu，C. K. W. (2006). Rational self-interest and other orientation in organizational behavior: A critical appraisal and extension of Meglino and Korsgaard (2004). Journal of Applied Psychology，91，1245–1252.
Eisenberg，N.，& Fabes，R. A. (1998). Prosocial development. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg (Eds.)，Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social，emotional，and personality development (5th ed.，pp. 701–778). New York: Wiley.
Fehr，E.，& Fischbacher，U. (2003). The nature of human altruism. Nature，425，785–791.
Fossati，A.，Borroni，S.，Eisenberg，N.，& Maffei，C. (2010). Relations of proactive and reactive dimensions of aggression to overt and covert narcissism in nonclinical adolescents. Aggressive Behavior，36(1)，21–27.
Foster，J. D.，& Trimm，R. F. IV. (2008). On being eager and uninhibited: Narcissism and approach-avoidance motivation. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin，34，1004–1017.
Ghorbani，N.，Watson，P. J.，Hamzavy，F.，& Weathington，B. L. (2010). Self-knowledge and narcissism in Iranians: Relationships with empathy and self-esteem. Current Psychology，29(2)，135–143.
Grafeman，S. J.，Barry，C. T.，Marcus，D. K.，& Leachman，L.
L. (2015). Interpersonal perceptions of narcissism in an at-risk adolescent sample: A social relations analysis. Journal of Research on Adolescence，25，92–100.
Grijalva，E.，Newman，D. A.，Tay，L.，Donnellan，M. B.，Harms，P. D.，Robins，R. W.，& Yan，T. (2015). Gender differences in narcissism: A meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin，142，261–310.
Haley，K. J.，& Fessler，D. M. T. (2005). Nobody’s watching? Subtle cues affects generosity in an anonymous economic game. Evolution and Human Behavior，26，257–270.
Hardy，C. L.，& van Vugt，M. (2006). Nice guys finish first: The competitive altruism hypothesis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin，32(10)，1402–1413.
Henrich，J.，& Gil-White，F. J. (2001). The evolution of prestige: Freely conferred deference as a mechanism for enhancing the benefits of cultural transmission-evolution and human behavior. Evolution and Human Behavior，22(3)，165–196.
Kauten，R.，& Barry，C. T. (2014). Do you think i’m as kind as i do? the relation of adolescent narcissism with self- and peer-perceptions of prosocial and aggressive behavior. Personality and Individual Differences，61–62，69–73.
Kou，Y.，Ma，Y.，& Tan，C. (2004). Chinese college students’ prosocial tendencies，prosocial moral reasoning and their correlation patterns. Psychological Science，27(2)，329–332.
[寇彧 ，马艳，谭晨. (2004). 大学生亲社会倾向、亲社会推理以及它们的相关模式. 心理科学，27(2)，329–332.]
Kurzban，R.，DeScioli，P.，& O’Brien，E. (2007). Audience effects on moralistic punishment. Evolution and Human Behavior，28，75–84.
Lakey，C. E.，Rose，P.，Campbell，W. K.，& Goodie，A. S. (2008). Probing the link between narcissism and gambling: The mediating role of decision-making biases. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making，21，113–137.
Martinez，M. A.，Zeichner，A.，Reidy，D. E.，& Miller，J. D. (2008). Narcissism and displaced aggression: Effects of positive，negative，and delayed feedback. Personality and Individual Differences，44(1)，140–149.
Morf，C. C.，& Rhodewalt，F. (2001). Unraveling the paradoxes of narcissism: A dynamic self-regulatory processing model. Psychological Inquiry，12，177–196.
Paulhus，D. L. (2001). Normal narcissism: Two minimalist accounts. Psychological Inquiry，12(4)，228–230.
Paulson，R. M.，Lord，C. G.，Taylor，C. A.，Brady，S. E.，McIntyre，R. B.，& Fuller，E. W. (2012). A matching hypothesis for the activity level of actions involved in attitude-behavior consistency. Social Psychological and Personality Science，3(1)，40–47.
Penner，L. A.，Dovidio，J. F.，Piliavin，J. A.，& Schroeder，D.
A. (2005). Prosocial behavior: Multilevel perspectives. Annual Review of Psychology，56，365–392.
Pincus，A. L.，Ansell，E. B.，Pimentel，C. A.，Cain，N. M.，Wright，A. G. C.，& Levy，K. N. (2009). Initial construction and validation of the pathological narcissism inventory. Psychological Assessment，21，365–379.
Sedikides，C.，Gregg，A. P.，Rudich，E. A.，Kumashiro，M.，& Rusbult，C. (2004). Are normal narcissists psychologically healthy? Self-esteem matters. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，87，400–416.
Sprecher，S.，& Fehr，B. (2005). Compassionate love for close others and humanity. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships，22，629–652.
Twenge，J. M.，& Foster，J. D. (2008). Mapping the scale of the narcissism epidemic: Increases in narcissism 2002–2007 within ethnic groups. Journal of Research in Personality，42，1619–1622.
Twenge，J. M.，Konrath，S.，Foster，J. D.，Campbell，W. K.，& Bushman，B. J. (2008). Egos inflating over time: A cross-temporal meta-analysis of the narcissistic personality inventory. Journal of Personality，76，875–901.
Wedekind，C.，& Braithwaite，V. (2002). The long–term benefits of human generosity in indirect reciprocity. Current Biology，12，1012–1015.
Zeigler-Hill，V.，Green，B. A.，Arnau，R. C.，Sisemore，T. B.，& Myers，E. M. (2011). Trouble ahead，trouble behind: narcissism and early maladaptive schemas. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry，42，96–103.
Zhou，H. (female)，Zhou，H. (male)，& Zhang，B. (2010).
Relationships among narcissism empathy，and prosocial 与社会适应的关系——自尊的中介作用. 心理发展与教
behaviors. Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology，18(2)，育 ，25，41–45.]
228–231. Zhou，H.，Zhang，B.，Chen，L. W.，& Ye，M. Y. (2009).
[周晖(女)，周晖(男)，张豹. (2010). 自恋与共情及亲社会行Development and validation of narcissistic personality 为的关系. 中国临床心理学杂志 ，18(2)，228–231.] inventory for Chinese. Journal of Chinese Clinical
Zhou，H.，Li，Y.，Zhang，B. & Zeng，M. (2012). The Psychology，17(1)，5–7. relationship between narcissism and friendship qualities in [周晖，张豹，陈丽文，叶敏怡 . (2009). 自恋人格问卷adolescents: Gender as a moderator. Sex Roles，67，452–462. 的编制及信效度的初步检验 . 中国临床心理学杂志，
Zhou，H.，Zhang，B. & Zheng，S. S，(2009). Age Differences of 17(1)，5–7.] middle school students. narcissism and its relationship with Zhou，H.，Zhang，B.，Yang，X. Y.，& Chen，X. (2014). Are social adjustment: self-esteem as a Mediator. Psychological Chinese narcissists disagreeable? Evidence from self-and Development and Education，25(1)，41–45，peer-ratings of agreeableness. Asian Journal of Social
[周晖 ，张豹，郑珊珊. (2009). 中学生自恋的年龄特征及其Psychology，18(2)，163–169.
Narcissism and adolescents’ prosocial behaviors:
The role of public and private situations
DING Ruyi1，3; ZHOU Hui1; ZHANG Bao2; CHEN Xiao2
(1 Department of Psychology，Sun Yat-sen University，Guangzhou 510275，China) (2 Faculty of Education，Beijing Normal University
Zhuhai Campus，Zhuhai 519085，China) (3 Department of Psychology，The Chinese University of Hongkong，Hong Kong)
Abstract
Narcissism was found to be associated with low empathy，insensitive to the need of others and having a tendency to use others for ones’ own gains. That is，narcissists may lay more emphasis on selfish values than prosocial ones. Thus，they may not help with social activities voluntarily unless they are beneficial to enhance their self-worth or self-image. On the other hand，studies have found that help is more likely to occur when one behaves in front of audiences in nonemergency situations. This is because prosocial behaviors can be used for self-enhancement such as gaining good reputation or promoting a positive self-image. Narcissists are good at using interpersonal relationships for self-regulation. They are excessively dependent on others to gain a sense of identity and are motivated to seek continuous external self-affirmation to build or maintain desired selves. From this point of view，narcissists may very likely do prosocial behaviors for seeking continuous external self-affirmation to build or maintain desired selves. In this research，two studies were conducted to explore the relationship between narcissism and prosocial tendencies and actual prosocial behaviors on two different situations---whether there are people watching or not.
Study 1 aimed at exploring Chinese narcissistic individuals’ self-reported public and anonymous prosocial tendencies. Public prosocial tendency refers to a tendency to perform prosocial behaviors in front of others while anonymous prosocial tendency refers to a tendency to help without consciousness of being noticed or acknowledged. Participants completed Narcissistic Personality Inventory and Revised Prosocial Tendencies Measure. It revealed that narcissism was positively associated with self reported public but not anonymous prosocial tendency among male participants.
Study 2 aimed at exploring whether the prosocial behaviors of narcissists were truly influenced by the publicity of the situations in the real world. Participants were randomly assigned to two conditions according to whether group members know the others’ donation or not. The results showed that male narcissists donated more money to a charity than non-narcissists in a public situation when their contributions were watched by others. However，their prosocial behaviors were not different in a private situation when individuals’ contributions were kept secret.
The findings of our studies imply that narcissism may use prosocial behaviors in the service of self-regulation. It increases the knowledge of narcissists’ self regulatory strategies that，besides many maladaptive behaviors，prosocial behaviors can also be used to enhance narcissists’ self-view. Key words narcissism; prosocial tendency; prosocial behavior
(1中山大学心理学系 ，广州 510275) (2北师大珠海分校教育学院，珠海 519087) (3香港中文大学心理系，香港)
收稿日期: 2015-07-02
* 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(16000-3161105)资助。
通讯作者: 周晖，E-mail: edszh@mail.sysu.edu.cn 981
www.psychspace.com心理学空间网
