In this article,I suggest recent sources of influence on psychoanalysis and describe a contemporary relational self psychology that is my personal attempt at integration. Even with this integration, I struggle to find the right “therapeutic” balance between my essential but imperfect instrument for empathic listening, on the one hand, and the risks of authentic engagement, on the other. These dialectical tensions in me mirror those in the psychoanalytic community as a whole, poised between a scientifically based practice and a healing “art”--or between a complex but teachable methodology or discipline-- and an ordinary (yet extraordinary) human relationship in which spontaneity and even improvisation play a role. Complicating this balancing act, there is new evidence from neuroscientists, attachment theorists, and infant-caregiver researchers that, from birth onward, bidirectional influences on brain and psychic development create contingent and unpredictable outcomes in every intimately related dyad. Thus, the contemporary analyst must expect to be changed by the work and--while taking full responsibility for his or her own contribution--must recognize patient and analyst as co-creators of the psychoanalytic project. At the same time that we now recognize contingency, complexity, and chaos at the heart of human minds and relationships, we also acknowledge the central importance of a sense of continuity and coherence as the individual undertakes the pursuit of goals and relationships in life. What kind of relationship can facilitate these qualities in the sense of self? That is the question that this article undertakes to answer.
摘要
精神分析的来源,并描述当代的关系性自体心理学,这是我个人的整合尝试。即使有了这种整合,我也很难找到正确的“治疗”平衡——一方面是,我基本而又不完美共情性倾听的手段,而另一方面是真正参与的风险。对我来说,这些辩证的张力局势反映了整个精神分析共同体,介于科学的实践和治疗的“艺术”之间——或者在一个复杂而又可教导的方法论或纪律之间——以及一个普通(但非凡的)自发性甚至是即兴起作用的人类关系。使这个平衡更加复杂的行为有:来自神经学家的新证据,依恋理论家和婴儿照料的研究人员,从出生以来,对脑和心理发展的双向影响,在每个密切相关的二元组中产生偶然和不可预测的结果。因此,当代分析师必须期待工作的变化,并且——在为自己的贡献承担全部责任的同时——必须将患者和分析师认定为精神分析项目的共同创始人。同时,我们现在认识到人类心灵和关系的核心是偶然性、复杂性和混乱,我们也承认,作为个人承担追求生活中目标和关系的重要的连续感和统合感。什么样的关系可以促进自体感中的这些品质? 这就是本文试图回答的问题。
在这篇文章中,我会提出最近影响Introduction简介
Influences on psychoanalysis in recent years have come from unlikely sources including biology, physics, and postmodern philosophy, among others. Although these sources and the changes they have effected in psychoanalysis are too many to address, I shall mention a few.
最近几年,对精神分析的影响来自于一些不可信的地方,其中有:生物学、物理,还有后现代哲学。尽管这些来源和变化对精神分析的影响还有许多尚需处理,但我想先提及一些。
From biology has come a view of the mind as a nonlinear dynamic system in which small changes in any part of the system are likely to have far-reaching effects on the whole. Biological systems theory further suggests that in human relationships—including the psychoanalytic relationship—-each partner constitutes a “system" in its own right, but the two systems together form a larger and more complex system, functioning as a whole. Meanwhile from quantum mechanics have come new recognitions of randomness unpredictability, emergence, uncertainty and chaos in the “laws” of the universe, ideas that have seeped into our psychoanalytic conceptualizations of how the human mind develops and how human relationships evolve and grow. These ideas have not replaced earlier ideas concerning the organization and coherence of the human mind but are held in dialectical tension with them.
来自生物学的观点是把头脑当作一个非线性的动力系统,系统中任何一个小的变化都可能对整个系统产生深远的影响。生物系统理论进一步提出,人类的关系——包括了精神分析的关系——伴侣中每个人各自构成一个“系统”,但是两个系统一起构成了更大更复杂的系统,整体发挥着作用。同时,借助量子力学的知识,也使我们产生了新的认识:不可预知地不可测性、突现、不确定和宇宙“法则”的混乱,渗入到精神分析概念模型(conceptualizations)的观点(包括人类心智的发展的构想和人类关系的演变和成长的构想)。这些观点不能替代早前人类心智有关组织化和连贯性的观点,但是被保留为对其的辩证张力。
Especially germane to our current view of analytic process is the acknowledgment that observation or measurement irrevocably changes what is observed or measured. With all these ideas, the prior ideal of the analyst as a neutral observer, standing outside the turmoil brought by the patient, has fallen away. In its place, we see the analyst unique and irreducible subjectivity, interacting with the patient’s psyche under conditions of constant, simultaneous, mutual influence. While this view of the analytic relationship tends to undermine our earlier views of the analyst professional expertise and authority, it also sets the stage for a richer more creative process in which the two partners to the analytic dyad uniquely participate to co-construct something quite unforeseeable and new.
创造力的准备。
以上观点与分析过程当前看法的密切关系是:承认观察或者测量,不可避免地改变了被观察或测量的事物。带着这样的观点,把分析师视为中立的观察者,置身于由病人带来的动荡之外的早期理想消失了。从这个角度,我们看到分析师的独特和不可消减的主体性,与病人的心灵在恒定的、同步的、相互影响的条件下的相互作用。然而这个对于分析关系的看法也很容易破坏我们之前对于分析师专业性和权威性的看法,它也同时为两伴侣组成分析的一对参与到共同构建某些完全不可预见和新的事物做好了丰富而有From postmodern philosophy the influences on psychoanalysis have been equally thoroughgoing and unexpected, especially in regard to the “self”. The self is now seen as without a core and forever in process, an evolving distillation of its ongoing interactions with others and the world. Postmodern theory questions the very possibility of meaning, other than what individuals can create or negotiate with others, on the basis of their immediate experience. As radical as all these ideas might seem at first glance, it turns out that Kohut’ss (1971) description—of a sense of self constructed originally through the individual relationships and sustained by them throughout life—fits well with many of the late 20th and early 21st century changes in psychoanalysis. In the ongoing construction of this self, the meaning that matters is the unique and affectively laden personal narrative that has been recognized or affirmed by important others.
后现代哲学对精神分析的影响同样是彻底的和不可预测的,特别是关于“自体”方面。自体现在被视为是没有内核并且永远在过程中,不断演化净化,持续着对他人和这个世界的作用。后现代理论基于即刻体验质疑了意义的可能性,除了个体可以创造或与他人交谈。这些观点乍一看是一样的激进,其结果是科胡特的描述(1971)——自体感由早期的个体关系构成并维持终生——非常适合20世纪晚期和21世纪早期精神分析的许多变化。在这个自体的持续构建过程中,意义由独特而富有Human development is an ongoing process, optimally continuing throughout a lifetime. It is because of this open endedness of psychic growth that change is possible through psychoanalysis at any time during the life cycle. Although a direct link between early development and later change is not recognized in all psychoanalytic theories, it is inconceivable to me that the pathways and processes through which individuals first lay down patterns of experience and behavior could be entirely different from those through which individuals undergo psychological change in adult life. Still the adult personality is infinitely complex and multilayered, and the adaptations and solutions of a lifetime must somehow be challenged and destabilized in order to make room for the new. Also, for individuals who have suffered early trauma, there is an understandable fear of retraumatization and, therefore, a diminished openness to new experience. In combination, these conditions can make therapeutic change difficult to achieve.
人格仍然是非常复杂和多层面的,一生中必须以某种方式接受挑战和打破平衡,以便建立新的适应和解决方案。同样,对于那些经受了早期创伤的个体,害怕于再次受伤,并因此减弱了对新体验的开放性,就是可被理解的。这些情况结合到一起,使得治疗难以完成。
人类的发展是一个持续的进程,在一生中恰到好处地持续着。正是因为心灵成长的开放性,通过精神分析在生命周期的任何时候做出改变都是可能的。尽管所有的精神分析理论都没有认识到,早期的发展和后期的改变的直接联系,但对我来说最不可思议的是通过个体首次放下经验和行为的模式的路径和过程可以完全不同于那些在成人生活中经历了心理改变的人。成人的There are of course multiple pathways along which psychic development proceeds as well as a broad and variegated range of conditions under which individuals can psychologically thrive and grow. This multiplicity of pathways and conditions contributes to competing explanations of how individuals develop and change. Change processes can be viewed along many dimensions as well as at several levels of abstraction. Additionally, the fact that most developmental and psychic processes take place largely out-of-awareness means that it is impossible to pinpoint much that goes on in early development or in psychoanalytic treatment. For all these reasons, curative factors remain elusive and ambiguous, and any theory of how people change in psychoanalysis is necessarily multifaceted yet incomplete.
心理发展过程中当然还有多种途径,以及个人在心理上茁壮成长和发展的广泛而多样化的条件。途径和条件的多样化导致了互相矛盾的关于人们发展和变化的解释。变化过程可以在许多维度以及多个抽象级别观察到。此外,大多数发展和心理过程主要发生在意识之外,这意味着在早期发展或精神分析治疗中无法确定很多事情。由于这些原因,治疗因素仍然颠三倒四难以捉摸和模糊的,任何关于人们在精神分析中如何改变的理论必然是多面但不完整的。
By their training, analysts are well versed in developmental theories and have some sense of the range of “expectable” human experience when beginning to work with any patient. At the same time, the absolute singularity of every individual requires that analysts also be prepared to respond creatively to what is unique in each patient’s experience and life trajectory. In addition to the inevitable limitations of general theory as a guide to individual treatments, it is also true that in lived experience every psychological problem and all attempted solutions for that problem are ineluctably interwoven with the individual’s most enduring strengths and adaptive strategies. Patients may, therefore, understandably feel that to rid themselves of their problems and of their less-successful solutions is also to tamper with their most sustaining qualities of self and their most familiar and favored patterns of behavior.
通过培训,分析师精通了发展性理论,并在与病患工作的开始,某种意义的“预期”人类的体验。 同时,每个人的绝对独特性也要求分析师准备好创造性地去回应每位患者独特的经验和生活轨迹。除了一般理论作为个人治疗指南的不可避免的局限之外,同样真实的是,在生活经验中的每个心理问题和所有对这个问题的尝试解决方案,与个人最持久的优势和适应性策略不可避免地交织在一起。因此,患者可以理解的是,摆脱自己的那些问题和不太成功的解决方案,同样损害了自己最持久的自我品质和他们最熟悉和最受欢迎的行为模式。
While certain earlier established feelings, attitudes, and patterns of behavior may now be getting in the way of the patient attaining chosen life goals,these same attitudes and behaviors may have been the most creative adaptations possible in the face of difficult or painful childhood circumstances or may have been valiant measures undertaken for self-preservative purposes against what would otherwise have been experienced as unbearable developmental setbacks or blows. In other words, the patterns of feeling, behavior,and “self-defense” that are now in need of change may be the very ones that enabled the patient to survive and prevail in the face of less-than- optimal developmental conditions.