In previous papers (Bion 1957) I have had occasion, in talking of the psychotic part of the personality, to speak of the destructive attacks which the patient makes on anything which is felt to have the function of linking one object with another. It is my intention in this paper to show the significance of this form of destructive attack in the production of some symptoms met with in borderline psychosis.
人格中的精神病性部分的时候,我有机会谈及病人对任何具有将一个客体与另一个联结的功能的东西的攻击。在这篇论文中,我想要表明,这种类型的破坏性的攻击在与边缘型精神病工作中遇到的一些症状的产生有重要关系。
在之前的论文中,在谈到The prototype原型 for all the links of which I wish to speak is the primitive breast or penis. The paper presupposes假定 familiarity with Melanie Klein's descriptions of the infant's fantasies of sadistic attacks upon the breast (Klein 1934), of the infant's splitting of its objects, of projective identification, which is the name she gives to the mechanism by which parts of the personality are split off and projected into external objects, and finally her views on early stages of Oedipus complex (Klein 1928). I shall discuss phantasied attacks on the breast as the prototype of all attacks on objects that serve as a link and projective identification as the mechanism employed by the psyche to dispose of the ego fragments produced by its destructiveness.
婴儿幻想中对乳房的施虐攻击的描述,婴儿对客体的分裂,以及投射性认同,她认为后者指的是人格的一些部分被分裂然后投射到外部客体中去的一种心理机制,还有最后她对俄狄浦斯情结早期阶段的观点。我将会讨论在幻想中对乳房的攻击是对所有有联结功能的客体的攻击的原型,并且投射性认同是精神用来处理由它的破坏性产生的自我碎片的心理机制。
我想要讲到的所有联结的原型是原初乳房或者阴茎。这篇论文假定读者对梅兰妮•克莱因的理论有一定的熟悉,比如她对I shall first describe clinical manifestations in an order dictated not by the chronology of their appearance in the consulting room, but by the need for making the exposition of my thesis as clear as I can. I shall follow this by material selected to demonstrate the order which these mechanisms assume when their relationship to each other is determined by the dynamics of the analytic situation. I shall conclude with theoretical observations on the material presented. The examples are drawn from the analysis of two patients and are taken from an advanced stage of their analyses. To preserve anonymity I shall not distinguish between the patients and shall introduce distortions of fact which I hope do not impair the accuracy of the analytic description.
首先,我将会描述一些临床表现,这些表现不是按照它们在咨询室中出现的时间顺序排列的,而是按照尽可能清楚地描述我的论点这一需要进行排列的。下面,我将会用经过选择的材料来展示这些心理机制呈现的顺序,而这些心理机制互相之间的关系是由分析情境的动力所决定的。我会以对所呈现的材料的理论评论作为结束。这些例子是从两位病人的分析中提取出来的,并且是从他们的分析的后期阶段中选取的。为了保持匿名性,我不会去两位病人之间作区分,会对事实做一些改写,我希望这不会削弱对分析情境的描述的准确性。
Observation of the patient's disposition to attack the link between two objects is simplified because the analyst has to establish a link with the patient and does this by verbal communication and his equipment of psychoanalytical experience. Upon this the creative relationship depends and therefore we should be able to see attacks being made upon it.
精神分析经验来做到这一点。创造性的关系取决于此,因此我们才能看到对它所做的攻击。
病人对两个客体之间的联结进行攻击的倾向的观察被简化了,因为分析师必须要与病人建立联结,并且通过口头交流和他的I am not concerned with typical resistance to interpretations, but with expanding references which I made in my paper on 'The differentiation of the psychotic from the non-psychotic personalities' (Bion 1957) to the destructive attacks on verbal thought itself.
我不会涉及对解释的典型阻抗,但是会扩展我在我的论文《人格中精神病性和非精神病性的区分》中对言语思维自身的攻击这个观点。
Clinical examples
临床实例
I shall now describe occasions which afforded me an opportunity to give the patient an interpretation, which at that point he could understand, of conduct designed to destroy whatever it was that linked two objects together.
现在,我会描述让我有机会给病人一个在那个点上他可以理解的解释的场合,然后他会采取一些行动,用以破坏将两个客体联结在一起的任何东西。
These are the examples:
下面是这些例子:
(i) I had reason to give the patient an interpretation making explicit his feelings of affection and his expression of them to his mother for her ability to cope with a refractory倔强的 child. The patient attempted to express his agreement with me, but although he needed to say only a few words his expression of them was interrupted by a very pronounced stammer which had the effect of spreading out his remark over a period of as much as a minute and a half. The actual sounds emitted bore resemblance to gasping for breath; gaspings were interspersed with gurgling sounds as if he were immersed in water. I drew his attention to these sounds and he agreed that they were peculiar and himself suggested the descriptions I have just given.
情感的感受,以及他的这些感受对母亲的表达,因为她应付一个倔强的孩子的能力。病人试图表达他对我的赞同,但是虽然他只用几个词就能说出来,但是他对这几个词的表达被明显的口吃干扰了,这个口吃让他的话在长达一分半钟的时间里才说完。所发出的声音有点像喘息;喘息中点缀着咕噜声,就像是他浸在水里了一样。我让他注意到这些声音,他承认这些声音很独特,而且刚才我的描述就是他所建议的。
(1)我有足够的理由给病人一个解释,用来阐明他对(ii) The patient complained that he could not sleep. Showing signs of fear, he said, 'It can't go on like this'. Disjointed remarks gave the impression that he felt superficially that some catastrophe would occur, perhaps akin to insanity, if he could not get more sleep. Referring to material in the previous session I suggested that he feared he would dream if he were to sleep. He denied this and said he could not think because he was wet. I reminded him of his use of the term 'wet' as an expression of contempt for somebody he regarded as feeble and sentimental. He disagreed and indicated that the state to which he referred was the exact opposite. From what I knew of this patient I felt that his correction at this point was valid and that somehow the wetness referred to an expression of hatred and envy such as he associated with urinary attacks on an object. I therefore said that in addition to the superficial fear which he had expressed he was afraid of sleep because for him it was the same thing as the oozing away 慢慢消失of his mind itself. Further associations showed that he felt that good interpretations from me were so consistently and minutely split up by him that they became mental urine which then seeped uncontrollably away. Sleep was therefore inseparable from unconsciousness, which was itself identical with a state of mindlessness which could not be repaired. He said, 'I am dry now'. I replied that he felt he was awake and capable of thought, but that this good state was only precariously maintained.
(2)病人抱怨他无法入睡。带着一些恐惧的迹象,他说,“不能再这样下去了。”不连贯的一席话给人一种印象,他表面上感觉某个灾难将会发生,或许类似于发疯,如果他不能获得更多睡眠的话。联系到之间的时间段,我提出,他害怕如果他睡着的话他会做梦。他否认了这一点,然后说他不能思考是因为他是湿的。我提醒他,他用“湿的”这个词来表达对他认为是脆弱和伤感的人的蔑视。他不同意,并且指出他所指的状态是刚好相反的。就我对这个病人的了解,我感觉他在这个点上的纠正是正确的,并且这个“湿”是恨和嫉妒的表达,比如他对客体的尿液攻击。因此,我说,除了他所表达的表面上的恐惧之外,他害怕睡着,是因为对他来说,它和他自己的理智慢慢消失是一样的。进一步的联想表明,他感觉从我这里来的好的解释,常常被他分裂,然后它们变成了精神尿液,控制不住地渗走。因此睡眠与无意识密不可分,而无意识自身等同于一种无法修复的精神缺失状态。他说,“我现在干了。”我回答说,他感觉他清醒了,能够思考,但是这个好的状态只是不牢靠地维持着。
(iii) In this session the patient had produced material stimulated by the preceding week-end break. His awareness of such external stimuli had become demonstrable at a comparatively recent stage of the analysis. Previously it was a matter for conjecture猜测 how much he was capable of appreciating reality. I knew that he had contact with reality because he came for analysis by himself, but that fact could hardly be deduced from his behaviour in the sessions. When I interpreted some associations as evidence that he felt he had been and still was witnessing an intercourse between two people, he reacted as if he had received a violent blow猛击. I was not then able to say just where he had experienced the assault and even in retrospect I have no clear impression. It would seem logical to suppose that the shock had been administered给予 by my interpretation and that therefore the blow came from without, but my impression is that he felt it as delivered from within; the patient often experienced what he described as a stabbing attack from inside. He sat up and stared intently into space. I said that he seemed to be seeing something. He replied that he could not see what he saw. I was able from previous experience to interpret that he felt he was 'seeing' an invisible object and subsequent experience convinced me that in the two patients on whose analysis I am depending for material for this paper, events occurred in which the patient experienced invisible-visible hallucinations幻觉. I shall give my reasons later for supposing that in this and the previous example similar mechanisms were at work.
(3)在这次心理治疗时间段里,病人受之前的周末休假刺激产生了一些临床材料。他对这种外部刺激的觉察在分析的相对近期阶段已经变得很明显了。之前,问题在于猜测他能在多大程度上感知现实。我知道他与现实有接触,因为是他自己来做分析的,但是这个事实很难从他在心理治疗时间段里的行为推断出来。当我对他的一些自由联想做出解释,作为他感觉到他曾经,并且现在仍然在目击两个人之间的性交的证据的时候,他的反应就像是他受到了一次猛击。那个时候,我还无法说出他是在哪里体验到的那个猛击,而且即使在回想的时候,我也没有清晰的印象。似乎合乎逻辑的假设是,这个打击是由我的解释给予的,因此这个打击是从外面来的,但是我的印象是,他感觉它是从内部来的;病人经常体验到,他所描述的从内部来的刺伤。他身体坐直,紧张地盯着空中。我说,他似乎在看什么东西。他回答说,他看不到他所看到的。我可以从我之前的经验中做出解释说,他觉得他正在“看”一个看不见的物体,并且随后的经历让我确信,我从他们的分析中获得这篇论文中的材料的两位病人身上,发生了一些病人体验到看不见的视觉幻觉的事件。我随后会给出认为在这个以及之前的例子中同样的机制在起作用的理由。
(iv) In the first twenty minutes of the session the patient made three isolated remarks which had no significance for me. He then said that it seemed that a girl he had met was understanding. This was followed at once by a violent, convulsive movement which he affected to假装 ignore. It appeared to be identical with the kind of stabbing attack I mentioned in the last example. I tried to draw his attention to the movement, but he ignored my intervention as he ignored the attack. He then said that the room was filled with a blue haze蓝色烟雾. A little later he remarked that the haze had gone, but said he was depressed. I interpreted that he felt understood by me. This was an agreeable experience, but the pleasant feeling of being understood had been instantly destroyed and ejected. I reminded him that we had recently witnessed his use of the word 'blue' as a compact description of vituperative sexual conversation. If my interpretation was correct, and subsequent events suggested that it was, it meant that the experience of being understood had been split up, converted into particles of sexual abuse and ejected. Up to this point I felt that the interpretation approximated closely to his experience. Later interpretations, that the disappearance of the haze was due to reintrojection再次内摄 and conversion into depression, seemed to have less reality for the patient, although later events were compatible with its being correct.
抑郁。我解释说,他觉得被我理解了。这是一个令人愉快的体验,但是这种被人理解的愉快感觉很快就被摧毁然后投射出去了。我提醒他,我们最近一起看到他用“蓝色”这个词来简洁的描述羞辱性的性谈话。如果我的解释是正确的,并且随后的事情表明确实是这样,它意味着被理解的体验被分裂了,转换成了性虐待的小词句然后射出来了。到这个点上,我觉得这个解释与他的体验很接近。之后的解释,烟雾的消失是由于再次内摄,转化成了抑郁,似乎对病人来说现实性要小一点,虽然之后的事件证明它是正确的。
(4)在心理治疗时间段的前二十分钟里,病人说了三段没什么关联的话,对我来说也没什么重要性。然后他说,他遇到的一个女孩似乎很善解人意。这之后马上是一个激烈的抽搐动作,他假装忽略掉。它似乎与我在前一个例子中的刺伤很像。我试图把他的注意力引到这个动作上,但是他忽略了我的干预,就像忽略那个攻击一样。然后他说,房间里充满了一种蓝色烟雾。过了一会会,他说烟雾没有了,但是说他很(v) The session, like the one in my last example, began with three or four statements of fact such as that it was hot, that his train was crowded, and that it was Wednesday; this occupied thirty minutes. An impression that he was trying to retain contact with reality was confirmed when he followed up by saying that he feared a breakdown. A little later he said I would not understand him. I interpreted that he felt I was bad and would not take in what he wanted to put into me. I interpreted in these terms deliberately because he had shown in the previous session that he felt that my interpretations were an attempt to eject feelings that he wished to deposit in me. His response to my interpretation was to say that he felt there were two probability clouds in the room. I interpreted that he was trying to get rid of the feeling that my badness was a fact. I said it meant that he needed to know whether I was really bad or whether I was some bad thing which had come from inside him. Although the point was not at the moment of central significance I thought the patient was attempting to decide whether he was hallucinated or not. This recurrent anxiety in his analysis was associated with his fear that envy and hatred of a capacity for understanding was leading him to take in a good, understanding object to destroy and eject it—a procedure which had often led to persecution迫害 by the destroyed and ejected object. Whether my refusal to understand was a reality or hallucination was important only because it determined what painful experiences were to be expected next.
焦虑与他的恐惧有关,他害怕对理解能力的嫉妒和恨会导致他接受一个好的,理解性的客体,然后毁灭并投射它——这个程序通常会导致被毁灭和投射的客体的迫害。我对理解的拒绝是现实的还是幻觉中的很重要,只是因为它决定了随之而来的究竟是何种痛苦体验。
(5)这次治疗,像上一个例子中一样,以三四个事实的陈述作为开始,比如今天很热,火车上人很多,今天星期三;这占据了三十分钟。这给人一种他在努力与现实保持接触的印象,他随后说的话证实了这一点,他说他害怕会崩溃。过了一会会,他说我不会理解他。我解释说,他觉得我是坏的,将不会接受他想要放进我的东西。我故意用这些词语来做解释,因为在之前的治疗中,他感觉我的解释是试图将他想要放进我那里的感受射出来。他对我的解释的反应是说,他觉得房间里面有两个可能的云。我解释说,他试着消除掉我的坏是一个事实这个感觉。我说,它意味着他需要知道,我确实是坏的,还是我是来自他内部的某些坏东西。虽然在那个时刻并不是最为关键的,但是我认为病人是在试图决定他是否产生了幻觉。在他的分析中经常发生的这种(vi) Half the session passed in silence; the patient then announced that a piece of iron had fallen on the floor. Thereafter he made a series of convulsive movements in silence as if he felt he was being physically assaulted from within. I said he could not establish contact with me because of his fear of what was going on inside him. He confirmed this by saying that he felt he was being murdered. He did not know what he would do without the analysis as it made him better. I said that he felt so envious of himself and of me for being able to work together to make him feel better that he took the pair of us into him as a dead piece of iron and a dead floor that came together not to give him life but to murder him. He became very anxious and said he could not go on. I said that he felt he could not go on because he was either dead, or alive and so envious that he had to stop good analysis. There was a marked decrease of anxiety, but the remainder of the session was taken up by isolated statements of fact which again seemed to be an attempt to preserve contact with external reality as a method of denial of his phantasies.
(6)治疗时间一半在沉默中度过;然后病人宣称一块烙铁掉在地上了。然后,他在沉默中做出了一系列的抽搐动作,就好像他受到了来自内部的物理攻击。我说,他无法与我建立联系是因为他对他内部正在进行的事情感到恐惧。他确认了我的话,说他觉得他正在被人谋杀。我说,他对他自己和我能够一起工作让他感觉好一些如此嫉妒,以至于他将我们两个人变成是一块死硬烙铁和一个毫无声响的地板,两者结合在一起不是为了给他生命而是谋杀他。他变得非常焦虑并且说他无法再继续下去。我说,他觉得他无法继续是因为他要么死了,要么活着,并且如此嫉妒以至于要停止好的分析。病人的焦虑显著降低了,但是这次治疗剩下来的时间都被孤立的事实陈述所占据,似乎再一次想要与现实保持接触,以作为否认他的幻想的一种方法。
Features common to the above illustrations
上面实例的共同特性
These episodes have been chosen by me because the dominant theme in each was the destructive attack on a link. In the first the attack was expressed in a stammer which was designed to prevent the patient from using language as a bond between him and me. In the second sleep was felt by him to be identical with projective identification that proceeded unaffected by any possible attempt at control by him. Sleep for him meant that his mind, minutely fragmented, flowed out in an attacking stream of particles.
我之所以选择这些片段,是因为它们每一个的显著主题都是对联结的破坏性攻击。在第一个例子中,攻击是以口吃的形式表达的,这个口吃用来阻止病人用语言作为他和我之间的联系。在第二例子中,睡眠被他感知为与进行的投射性认同一样,不受他的半点控制。对他来说,睡眠意味着他的理智,常常是碎片化的,在微粒的攻击之流中流出来。
The examples I give here throw light on schizophrenic dreaming. The psychotic patient appears to have no dreams, or at least not to report any, until comparatively late in the analysis. My impression now is that this apparently dreamless period is a phenomenon analogous to the invisibles-visual hallucination. That is to say, that the dreams consist of material so minutely fragmented that they are devoid of 缺乏any visual component. When dreams are experienced which the patient can report because visual objects have been experienced by him in the course of the dream, he seems to regard these objects as bearing much the same relationship to the invisible objects of the previous phase as faeces seem to him to bear to urine. The objects appearing in experiences which we call dreams are regarded by the patient as solid and are, as such, contrasted with the contents of the dreams which were a continuum of minute, invisible fragments.
我这里给出的例子让精神分裂症的梦变得更为清晰。精神病病人貌似没有梦,或者至少是没有报告任何梦,直到分析的相对后期阶段。我现在的印象是,这种表面上无梦的阶段是一种类似于看不见的视觉幻觉的现象。也就是说,这些梦由如此破碎的材料组成,以至于他们缺乏任何可见的成分。当梦被体验为病人可以报告的东西的时候,那是因为在做梦的过程中他体验到了一些视觉物体,他似乎将这些物体与之前阶段不可见物体的关系看作是屎与尿之间的关系一样。在我们称之为梦的体验中出现的物体,被病人认为是固体的,照此,与那些内容是微小的,不可见的碎片的梦形成对比。
At the time of the session the main theme was not an attack on the link but the consequences of such an attack, previously made, in leaving him bereft of 失去a state of mind necessary for the establishment of a satisfying relationship between him and his bed. Though it did not appear in the session I report, uncontrollable projective identification, which was what sleep meant to him, was thought to be a destructive attack on the state of mind of the coupling parents. There was therefore a double anxiety; one arising from his fear that he was being rendered mindless, the other from his fear that he was unable to control his hostile attacks, his mind providing the ammunition, on the state of mind that was the link between the parental pair. Sleep and sleeplessness were alike inacceptable.
这个治疗时间段里面,主要的主题不是对联结的攻击,而是之前所做的这种攻击的后果,让他失去在他与他的床之间建立满意关系所必须的一种理智状态。虽然它没有在我所报告的那个时间段里出现,但是不可控制的投射性认同,也就是梦对他来说意味着的东西,被认为是对联结起源的理智状态的破坏性攻击。因此这里有双重的焦虑;一个源自于他对变成没头脑的恐惧,另一个是对他无法控制他的敌意攻击的恐惧,他的理智提供了弹药,用来攻击起源配对之间联结的理智状态。睡眠和无眠一样不可接受。
In the third example in which I described visual hallucinations of invisible objects, we witness one form in which the actual attack on the sexual pair is delivered. My interpretation, as far as I could judge, was felt by him as if it were his own visual sense of a parental intercourse; this visual impression is minutely fragmented and ejected at once in particles so minute微小的 that they are the invisible components of a continuum. The total procedure has served the purpose of forestalling预防 an experience of feelings of envy for the parental state of mind by the instantaneous expression of envy in a destructive act. I shall have more to say of this implicit hatred of emotion and the need to avoid awareness of it.
情绪的仇恨,以及回避意识到它的需要。
在第三个例子中,我描述了不可见物体的视觉幻觉,我们见证了一种形式,其中对性配对进行了实际的攻击。我的解释,就我所能判断的,被他感觉成就像是他亲眼看见了父母的性交;这个视角印象不断碎片化然后立刻以微粒射出来,这些微小如此微小以至于它们成了一个连续体的不可见成分。整个程序的作用是,通过立即在一个破坏性的行为中表达嫉妒,预防体验到对父母理智状态的嫉妒。我将会更多地谈及这种隐含的对In my fourth example, the report of the understanding girl and the haze, my understanding and his agreeable state of mind have been felt as a link between us which could give rise to a creative act. The link had been regarded with hate and transformed into a hostile and destructive sexuality rendering表示 the patient-analyst couple sterile.
在我的第四个例子中,对善解人意的女孩和烟雾的报告,我的理解和他的愉快理智状态,被感觉成我们之间的联结,这个联结可以引起一个有创造力的行动。这个联结被仇恨的态度对待,并且转化成了一个有敌意和破坏性的性行为,表示病人-分析师配对没有效果。
Freud regards as an essential feature of the dominance of the reality principle, among the ejected parts of the patient's personality. The fact that there were two probability clouds remained unexplained at the time, but in subsequent sessions I had material which led me to suppose that what had originally been an attempt to separate good from bad survived in the existence of two objects, but they were now similar in that each was a mixture of good and bad. Taking into consideration material from later sessions, I can draw conclusions which were not possible at the time; his capacity for judgement, which had been split up and destroyed with the rest of his ego and then ejected, was felt by him to be similar to other bizarre objects of the kind which I have described in my paper on 'The differentiation of the psychotic from the non-psychotic parts of the personality'. These ejected particles were feared because of the treatment he had accorded符合 them. He felt that the alienated judgement—the probability clouds—indicated that I was probably bad. His suspicion that the probability clouds were persecutory and hostile led him to doubt the value of the guidance they afforded him. They might supply him with a correct assessment or a deliberately false one, such as that a fact was an hallucination or vice versa; or would give rise to what, from a psychiatric point of view, we would call delusions. The probability clouds themselves had some qualities of a primitive breast and were felt to be enigmatic and intimidating.
In my fifth example, of the two probability clouds, a capacity for understanding is the link which is being attacked, but the interest lies in the fact that the object making the destructive attacks is alien to the patient. Furthermore, the destroyer is making an attack on projective identification which is felt by the patient to be a method of communication. In so far as my supposed attack on his methods of communication is felt as possibly secondary to his envious attacks on me, he does not dissociate himself from feelings of guilt and responsibility. A further point is the appearance of judgement, which在我的第五个,关于两个可能性的云的例子中,理解能力是受到攻击的联结,但是有趣的是,进行破坏性攻击的客体是违背病人本性的。而且,破坏者正在对投射性认同做出攻击,而投射性认同被病人感觉为是一种沟通的方式。至于我假定的对他的沟通方式的攻击,被感觉为可能是次于他对我的嫉妒的攻击的,他没有将自己与内疚和责任的感觉中解离。更深层的一点是在病人人格射出的部分中,判断的出现,而这被弗洛伊德认为是现实原则占主导的一个基本特征。那个时候有两朵可能性的云这一事实没有解释,但是在接下来的治疗中,我有了一些材料,可以让我假设,一开始想要将好的和坏的分开的企图,在两个物体同时存在的情况下幸存了下来,但是它们现在变得类似了,因为每一个都是好和坏的混合物。把后面治疗的材料考虑进来,我可以得出之前那个时候不可能得出的结论;他判断的能力,被分裂然后与他自我的剩余部分被毁灭,然后射出去,被他感觉是与其他的奇异客体类似,这种类型的奇异客体我在我的论文《人格中精神病性和非精神病性的区分》描述过。这些射出去微粒让人害怕,因为他所获得的治疗与它们相符。他感觉他异化了的判断——可能的云——表明我可能是坏的。他怀疑可能的云是迫害性的和有敌意的,导致他怀疑它们给予他的指导的价值。它们可能给他一个正确的评估,或者一个故意弄错的,比如,一个事实是一个幻觉或者反过来;或者从精神病学的观点来说,可能会导致幻觉。可能的云本身有原初乳房的一些特性,因此被感觉是神秘和吓人的。
In my sixth illustration, the report that a piece of iron had fallen on the floor, I had no occasion for interpreting an aspect of the material with which the patient had by this time become familiar. (I should perhaps say that experience had taught me that there were times when I assumed the patient's familiarity with some aspect of a situation with which we were dealing, only to discover that, in spite of the work that had been done upon it, he had forgotten it.) The familiar point that I did not interpret, but which is significant for the understanding of this episode, is that the patient's envy of the parental couple had been evaded by his substitution代替 of himself and myself for the parents. The evasion回避 failed, for the envy and hatred were now directed against him and me. The couple engaged in a creative act are felt to be sharing分享 an enviable值得羡慕的, emotional experience; he, being identified also with the excluded party, has a painful, emotional experience as well. On many occasions the patient, partly through experiences of the kind which I describe in this episode, and partly for reasons on which I shall enlarge later, had a hatred of emotion, and therefore, by a short extension, of life itself. This hatred contributes to the murderous attack on that which links the pair, on the pair itself and on the object generated by the pair. In the episode I am describing, the patient is suffering the consequences of his early attacks on the state of mind that forms the link between the creative pair and his identification with both the hateful and creative states of mind.
在我的第六个例子,那个报告说一块烙铁掉在地板上的,我没有机会解释病人那个时候已经熟悉了的材料的一个方面。(我或许应该说经验告诉我,当我假定病人对我们正在处理的情境的一些方面很熟悉的时候,只会发现,尽管在此之上开展了工作,他已经忘掉它了。)我没有解释的熟悉的一点,但是理解这个片段很重要的一点是,病人对父母的嫉妒已经通过用他自己和我自己代替父母而回避了。这个回避失败了,因为现在嫉妒和仇恨现在是指向他和我的。参与一个创造性行动的两个人现在被觉得是在分享一个值得羡慕的,情感的体验;他,也与被排除的部分有认同,也有一个痛苦的,情感的体验。在许多时候,这个病人,部分通过我在这个片段中描述的这种体验,对情感有仇恨,因此,通过一个小的延伸,对生活本身也产生了仇恨。这个仇恨促成了对联结配对的东西,对配对,对这个配对产生的物体的攻击。在我描述的片段中,病人正在承受着他对形成创造性配对联结的理智状态和他与仇恨和创造性的理智状态的认同的早期攻击的后果。
In this and the preceding illustration there are elements that suggest the formation of a hostile persecutory object, or agglomeration of objects, which expresses its hostility in a manner which is of great importance in producing the predominance of psychotic mechanisms in a patient; the characteristics with which I have already invested the agglomeration聚集 of persecutory objects have the quality of a primitive原初的, and even murderous凶残的, superego.
在这里以及随后的阐述中,有一些元素表明一个敌意迫害性客体,或者客体的聚集的形成,这个客体以一种在产生病人身上显著的精神病机制方面极其重要的方式表达它的敌意;除了我已经赋予的特性,迫害性客体的聚集有原初的,凶残的超我的特性。
Curiosity, arrogance, and stupidity
好奇心,傲慢和愚蠢
In the paper I presented at the International Congress of 1957 (Bion 1957) I suggested that Freud's analogy of an archaeological investigation with a psychoanalysis was helpful if it were considered that we were exposing evidence not so much of a primitive civilization as of a primitive disaster. The value of the analogy is lessened because in the analysis we are confronted not so much with a static situation that permits leisurely study, but with a catastrophe灾难 that remains at one and the same moment actively vital and yet incapable of resolution into quiescence. This lack of progress in any direction must be attributed in part to the destruction of a capacity for curiosity and the consequent inability to learn, but before I go into this I must say something about a matter that plays hardly any part in the illustrations I have given.
在我向1957年国际会议上呈报的论文里面,我提出,弗洛伊德将精神分析比作考古学调查的类比是有帮助的,只要它所考虑的是,我们所正在的揭露的证据不是关于一个原始文明而是关于一个原始灾难的。这个类比的价值进一步降低了,因为在分析中我们面对的并不是一个静止不动的状态,让我们可以闲适地研究,而是一个动态的灾难,可能不能通过静止来解决。这种朝着任何方向都缺乏进展的状态部分原因是,好奇的能力的破坏,以及随之而来的学习能力的丧失,但是再讲这个之前,我必须讲一些在上面我给出的例子中几乎没有起到任何作用的东西。
Attacks on the link originate in what Melanie Klein calls the paranoid-schizoid phase. This period is dominated by part-object relationships (Klein 1948). If it is borne in mind that the patient has a part-object relationship with himself as well as with objects not himself, it contributes to the understanding of phrases such as 'it seems' which are commonly employed by the deeply disturbed patient on occasions when a less disturbed patient might say 'I think' or 'I believe'. When he says 'it seems' he is often referring to a feeling —an 'it seems' feeling— which is a part of his psyche and yet is not observed as part of a whole object. The conception of the part-object as analogous to an anatomical structure解剖结构, encouraged by the patient's employment of concrete images as units of thought, is misleading because the part-object relationship is not with the anatomical structures only but with function, not with anatomy but with physiology生理学, not with the breast but with feeding, poisoning, loving, hating.
对联结的攻击起源于梅兰妮•克莱因称之为偏执-分裂的阶段。这个阶段部分客体关系占显著地位。如果我们记住,病人与他自己以及不是他自己的客体都有一个部分客体关系,它让我们可以理解一种措辞,比如“它好像”,这种措辞通常是由病得很重的病人所采用,而病得较轻的病人在这些场合下可能会说,“我认为”或者“我相信”。当他说“它好像”的时候,他经常指的是一种感觉——一种“它好像”的感觉——这种感觉是他心灵的一部分,而又不被认为是整个结构的一部分。关于部分客体类似于解剖结构的观念,虽然被病人用具体的图像作为思维单元所鼓励,但其实是误导人的,因为部分客体关系不只是与解剖结构有关,而是与结构有关,不是与解剖学而是与生理学有关,不是与乳房有关,而是与哺乳,毒害,爱,恨有关。
This contributes to the impression of a disaster that is dynamic and not static. The problem that has to be solved on this early, yet superficial, level must be stated in adult terms by the question, 'What is something?' and not the question 'Why is something?' because 'why' has, through guilt, been split off. Problems, the solution of which depends upon an awareness of causation因果关系, cannot therefore be stated, let alone solved. This produces a situation in which the patient appears to have no problems except those posed by the existence of analyst and patient. His preoccupation is with what is this or that function, of which he is aware though unable to grasp the totality of which the function is a part. It follows that there is never any question why the patient or the analyst is there, or why something is said or done or felt, nor can there be any question of attempting to alter the causes of some state of mind.... Since 'what?' can never be answered without 'how?' or 'why?' further difficulties arise. I shall leave this on one side to consider the mechanisms employed by the infant to solve the problem 'what?' when it is felt in relation to a part-object relationship with a function.
这让人形成关于一个动态而不是静态的灾难的印象。在这个早期,还很肤浅的层面上,需要解决的问题,必须用成年人的话来说就是,“那样是什么样?”而不是“为什么是那样?”因为“为什么”通过内疚被分裂了。要解决问题取决于意识到因果关系,而此时问题都提不出来,何况解决。这形成了一种病人看起来没有任何问题的状况,除了由分析师和病人的存在所引起的问题之外。他关注的是这个或者那个功能是什么,他能够意识到功能,虽然不能抓住功能只是一部分的那个整体。结果就是,从来没有问到为什么病人或者分析师在那里,或者为什么说了某些话,做了某些事,有某些感受,也不会有任何想要改变某些理智状态的原因的问题……因为如果不问“如何”或者“什么”会产生进一步的问题,关于“什么”的问题永远得不到回答。我将会把这个放一边,来考虑当感觉与有一种功能的部分客体相关的时候,婴儿用来解决“什么”的问题所采用的机制。
Denial of normal degrees of projective identification
对正常程度投射性认同的否认
I employ the term 'link' because I wish to discuss the patient's relationship with a function rather than with the object that subserves a function; my concern is not only with the breast, or penis, or verbal thought, but with their function of providing the link between two objects.
我采用“联结”这个术语,因为我想要讨论病人与一个功能的关系,而不是与一个促进功能的客体的关系;我关心的不仅仅是乳房或者阴茎,或者言语思维,而是它们提供两个客体之间的联结的功能。
In her 'Notes on Some Schizoid Mechanisms' (1946) Melanie Klein speaks of the importance of an excessive employment of splitting and projective identification in the production of a very disturbed personality. She also speaks of 'the introjection of the good object, first of all the mother's breast' as a 'precondition for normal development'. I shall suppose that there is a normal degree of projective identification, without defining the limits within which normality lies, and that associated with introjective identification this is the foundation on which normal developments rests.
在她的论文《一些分裂机制浅论》中,梅兰妮•克莱因谈到了分裂和投射性认同的过度使用在产生一种非常精神病性的人格中的重要性。她也谈到了“好客体的内摄,首先是母亲的乳房”,是“正常发展的前提”。我会假定有正常程度的投射性认同,而不界定正常的界限在哪里,并且它与内摄性认同有关,这是正常发展所依赖的基础。
This impression derives partly from a feature in a patient's analysis which was difficult to interpret because it did not appear to be sufficiently obtrusive at any moment for an interpretation to be supported by convincing evidence. Throughout the analysis the patient resorted to projective identification with a persistence固执 suggesting it was a mechanism of which he had never been able sufficiently to avail有益于 himself; the analysis afforded him an opportunity for the exercise of a mechanism of which he had been cheated. I did not have to rely on this impression alone. There were sessions which led me to suppose that the patient felt there was some object that denied拒绝 him the use of projective identification. In the illustrations I have given, particularly in the first, the stammer, and the fourth, the understanding girl and the blue haze, there are elements which indicate that the patient felt that parts of his personality that he wished to repose in me were refused entry by me, but there had been associations prior to this which led me to this view.
这个印象部分来自于病人分析中的一个特点,它很难去做解释,因为在任何时候似乎都不够突出,使得解释无法获得确信的证据支持。整个分析中,病人固执地诉诸于投射性认同,表明它是一种他从来没有充分用来给他自己带来好处的心理机制;分析让他有机会运用一种他一直被欺骗的机制。我不需要只依赖这个印象。有一些治疗时间段让我假定,病人感到某个客体拒绝他使用投射性认同。在我给出的例子中,特别是第一个,有一些元素表明,病人感觉他想要放到我那里的部分人格被我拒绝进入,但是在这之前还有一些自由联想让我有了这个观点。
When the patient strove to rid himself of fears of death which were felt to be too powerful for his personality to contain he split off his fears and put them into me, the idea apparently being that if they were allowed to repose停留 there long enough they would undergo modification by my psyche and could then be safely reintrojected. On the occasion I have in mind the patient had felt, probably for reasons similar to those I give in my fifth illustration, the probability clouds, that I evacuated them so quickly that the feelings were not modified, but had become more painful.
当病人感到对死亡的恐惧太过于强大,他的人格无法容纳的时候,病人努力去去除自己身上对死亡的恐惧,他将他的恐惧分裂掉然后将它们放在我那里,这样做的原因好像是,如果它们被允许在那里停留足够长的时间,它们将会被我的心灵转化,然后可以安全地再次内摄。在我想到的那个场合,病人感觉,可能与我在第五个例子——可能的云——中给出的理由类似,我太快排出它们,那个感受没有转化,但是变得更加让人痛苦。
Associations from a period in the analysis earlier than that from which these illustrations have been drawn showed an increasing intensity of emotions in the patient. This originated in what he felt was my refusal to accept parts of his personality. Consequently he strove to force them into me with increased desperation and violence. His behaviour, isolated from the context of the analysis, might have appeared to be an expression of primary aggression. The more violent his phantasies of projective identification, the more frightened he became of me. There were sessions in which such behaviour expressed unprovoked无缘无故的 aggression, but I quote this series because it shows the patient in a different light, his violence a reaction to what he felt was my hostile defensiveness. The analytic situation built up in my mind a sense of witnessing an extremely early scene. I felt that the patient had experienced in infancy a mother who dutifully responded to the infant's emotional displays.
给出这些例子的分析的更加早期阶段,一些自由联想表明病人情绪的强度增加了。这源自于他感到我拒绝接受他人格的一些部分。因此,他努力把它们硬塞给我,以更多的绝望和激烈程度。他的行为,如果脱离分析的背景来看的话,可能会显得是原初攻击性的表达。他投射性认同的幻想越激烈,他越是怕我。有些治疗时间段里,这种行为表达了无缘无故的攻击性,但是我引用了这个系列,因为它以一个不同角度展示了病人,他的激烈是对他感觉的我的敌意防御的反应。分析情境在我脑海中建立了一种目睹一个极端早期场景的感觉。我感觉,病人在婴儿时期有一个尽职尽责地对婴儿的情绪表现做出反应的母亲。
The dutiful response had in it an element of impatient 'I don't know what's the matter with the child.' My deduction was that in order to understand what the child wanted the mother should have treated the infant's cry as more than a demand for her presence. From the infant's point of view she should have taken into her, and thus experienced, the fear that the child was dying. It was this fear that the child could not contain. He strove to split it off together with the part of the personality in which it lay and project it into the mother. An understanding mother is able to experience the feeling of dread, that this baby was striving to deal with by projective identification, and yet retain a balanced outlook. This patient had had to deal with a mother who could not tolerate experiencing such feelings and reacted either by denying the ingress进入, or alternatively by becoming a prey to the anxiety which resulted from the introjection of the infant's feelings. The latter reaction must, I think, have been rare: denial was dominant.
尽职尽责反应中一个不耐烦的元素:“我不知道这个孩子有什么毛病”。我的推断是,为了理解孩子要什么,母亲或许觉得孩子的哭泣里面有比要她在场更多的含义。从婴儿的角度来说,她应该考虑到,因此体验到孩子将要死去的恐惧。正是这个恐惧是孩子所不能容纳的。他努力将它以及它所在的人格部分分裂然后投射到母亲那里。一个善解人意的母亲能够体验到恐惧的感觉,这个恐惧感是孩子努力要用投射性认同来处理的,并且仍然能够保持着平衡。这个病人的母亲无法忍受体验这种感受,然后要么拒绝投射的进入,要么因为内摄了婴儿的感受而感到焦虑。我认为,后面一种反应肯定很少:拒绝是主要的。
To some this reconstruction will appear to be unduly fanciful想象的; to me it does not seem forced不自然的 and is the reply to any who may object that too much stress is placed on the transference to the exclusion of 排除掉,不计及a proper elucidation说明 of early memories.
对某些人来说,这个重构似乎太过于幻想;对我来说它并显得不自然,并且它是对任何反对过于强调移情,没有对早期记忆给予一个恰当说明的回应。