1. THE-RACE-IS-RUN 被从事的競赛
2. SOPHOCLES'S ANTI-HUMANISM 索福克利斯的反人本主义
3. THE LAW OF EX NIH1LO 从空无中创造的法则
4. THE DEATH D R I V E ILLUSTRATED 举例说明死亡冲动
5. COMPLEMENT 补助

I did recommend an interlinear edition of Antigone to those of you who know enough Greek to get by, but it's not available. Use the Gamier translation instead, since it's not bad at all.

我确实推荐阅读「安提贡尼」原文的字里行间，你们懂得希腊文的那些人若是拿得到的话。但是找不到这样的版本。就请採用甘密尔的翻译作为代替，因为它毕竟还不错。

The following lines of the Greek text are the ones that concern us: 4-7, 323-325, 332-333, 360-375, 450-470, 559-560, 581-584, 611-614, 620- 625, 648-650, 780-805, 839-841, 852-862, 875, 916-924, 1259-1260.

希腊文本的底下几行，是我们关心的几行：4-7, 323-325, 332-333, 360-375, 450-470, 559-560, 581-584, 611-614, 620-625, 648-650, 780-805, 839-841, 852-862, 875, 916-924, 1259-1260.

Lines 559-560 give us Antigone's attitude toward life. She tells us that her soul died long ago and that she is destined to give help, ώγελεν, to the dead- we spoke about the same word in connection with Ophelia.

559-560行给予我们安提贡尼对待生命的态度。她告诉我们，她的灵魂很久以前就死掉，她注定要给予帮助，ώγελεν 给死者。我们谈论到相同的字词，跟奥菲莉亚。

Lines 611-614 and 620-625 have to do with the Chorus's statements on the limit that is Αύ、, and it is around this that what Antigone wants is played out.

611-614 行，跟 620-625行跟合唱队的陈述有关系，探讨悲惨命运Ate的限制。环绕着这个，安提贡尼想要的东西被扮演出来。

I already pointed out last time the importance of the term that ends both of these passages, έκτος άτας. Έκτος signifies an outside or what happens once the limit of Ati has been crossed. When, for example, the guard comes and tells of the event that challenges Creon's authority, he says at the end that he is έκτος ελπίδος, outside or beyond all hope; he no longer hopes to be saved. Έκτο? άτας has the meaning of going beyond a limit in the text.

我上次已经指出这个术语的重要性。这个术语用这两个段落作为结束 έκτος άτας. Έκτος 指示著外在，或是悲惨命运Ate 的限制被跨越所发生的事情。譬如，当卫兵前来告诉这个挑战克瑞恩的权威的事件，他在结尾时说，他是έκτος ελπίδος ，外在于，或超越于所有的希望。他不再希望被拯救。Έκτο? Άτας 拥有这个意义，超越文本的限制之外。

And it is around this notion that the Chorus's song is developed at that moment, in the same way that it says that man goes toward προς άταν, that is, toward Ate. In this business the whole prepositional system of the Greeks is so vital and suggestive. It is because man mistakes evil for the good, because something beyond the limits of Ate has become Antigone's good, namely, a good that is different from everyone else's, that she goes toward, προς άταν.

就是环绕这个观念，合唱队的歌咏在那个时刻被发展。如同它说：人朝向προς άταν 前进。也就是，朝向悲惨命运Ate 前进。在这件事情，希腊人的整个的介系词系统非常重要而且具有暗示。因为人们将邪恶误认为是善行。因为某件超越悲惨命运Ate的限制的东西，成为安提贡尼的善行。换句话说，一件善行跟每一位其他人的善行不同。

So as to take up the problem in a way that allows me to bring my comments together, I must return to a simple, clean, unencumbered view of the tragic hero, and in particular of the one who concerns us, Antigone.

为了要探讨这个问题，让我能够总结我的一些评论，我必须回到悲剧人物的简单清楚，免除负担的观点。特别是我们关心的那个悲剧人物。安提贡尼。

1 被从事的競赛

One thing has struck a commentator on Sophocles - commentator in the singular, for I have been surprised to find that it is only in a relatively recent book on Sophocles by Karl Reinhardt that something important has been brought out, namely, the special solitude of Sophoclean heroes, μονσύμενοι,, which is a nice term used by Sophocles, along with άφιλοι and φρενος οίοβώται, that is to say, those who lead their thoughts to graze far off. But it is nevertheless certain that it is not this that is involved here, for in the end tragic heroes are always isolated, they are always beyond established limits, always in an exposed position and, as a result, separated in one way or another from the structure.

有一件事情让探讨索福克利斯的评论家感到印象深刻，具有独特见解的评论家。因为我曾经大为惊奇地发现，最近出版的卡尔、瑞哈德论索福克利斯，某件重要的事情被显露出来。换句话说，索福克利斯的英雄人物的特别的孤独μονσύμενοι。这是索福克利斯使用的一个很好的术语，再加上άφιλοι 跟 φρενος οίοβώται。换句话说，那些让他们的思想高飞远飏的英雄人物。可是，这是确定的，在此牵涉到的并不是这个。因为最后，悲剧的英雄人物总是孤独的，他们总是超越现状的限制，总是处于被暴露的立场。结果，他们以某种的方式跟结构分开。

It is strange that something very obvious has been overlooked. Let us examine the seven plays of Sophocles that are extant of the twenty-five which he is said to have produced during a life of ninety years, sixty of which he devoted to tragedy. They are Ajax, Antigone, Electra, Oedipus Rex, The Trachiniae, Philoctetes, and Oedipus at Colonus.

这是奇怪的，某件非常明显的东西曾经被忽视。让我们检视一下索福克利斯的二十五个剧本，残存的七个剧本。据说他在九十岁的一生里，写作这二十五个剧本。其中六十年，他专注于悲剧。那些剧本是阿杰克，安提贡尼，伊雷克特拉，伊狄浦斯，特拉奇尼亚，费罗特忒斯，伊狄浦斯在科伦那斯。

A certain number of these plays remain familiar to us, but you are not perhaps aware that Ajax is a very odd piece of work. It begins with the massacre of the Greeks' flock by Ajax. Because Athena doesn't wish him well, he goes crazy. He imagines he is massacring the Greek army, but it is their flock instead. Afterwards he awakens from his craziness, is overcome with shame, and goes and kills himself in a corner. There is absolutely nothing else in the play but that, which is, after all, rather peculiar. As I was saying the other day, there isn't even the suggestion of a perepetia. Everything is there from the beginning; the trajectories that are set in motion have only to come crashing down one on top of the other as best they can.

我们对于某些的这些剧本耳熟能详。但是你们或许并不知道，阿杰克是非常古怪的一部作品。它开始时描述希腊的牛群被阿杰克屠杀。因为雅典娜天神并没有祝福他。他发疯了。他想象他正在屠杀希腊的军队，但是代替的，他屠杀的是他们的牛群。后来，他从疯狂中苏醒过来，羞愧得无地自容，就去到角落里自杀。剧本里面绝对没有别的，除了这个。毕竟，这是相当奇特的。如同我前天正在说，甚至连「逆转」的暗示都没有。每样东西从一开始就在那里。投射的途径被触动，结果尽可能地崩塌在另外一个投射途径上面。

We will leave Antigone aside for one moment, since we are discussing it. Electra, too, is an odd play of Sophocles. In Aeschylus we find the Choephoroe and the Eumenides, where the death of Agamemnon gives rise to all kinds of things. And once his murder has been avenged, Orestes then has to deal with the avenging divinities who protect the maternal blood.

我们将暂时将安提贡尼放置一边。因为我们正在讨论它。伊雷克特拉也是索福克利斯蒂古怪剧本。在亚斯奇拉斯，我们发现周佛罗与尤门尼底斯两个剧本。在那里，阿伽曼隆产生各种的事情。一旦他的谋杀获得报复，奥瑞提斯就必须处理那些报复的神祗，他们保护母系这边的血脉。

There is nothing comparable in Sophocles. Electra is in certain ways the very double of Antigone - "Dead in life," she says, "I am already dead to everything."

索福克利斯则是无与伦比。伊雷克特拉在某些方面可跟安提贡尼相提并论，「生命中的死亡」，她说，「我已经死了，对于每样东西。」

Moreover, at that climactic moment when Orestes is making Aegisthus jump for it, he says to him, "Do you realize you are talking to people who are just like the dead? You are not talking to the living." It is an extremely odd note and the whole thing ends abruptly just like that. There isn't the least trace of anything superfluous. Everything ends abruptly. The end of Electra involves an execution in the proper sense of the word.

而且，在那个高潮的时刻，当奥瑞特斯正逼迫阿基萨斯扑向他时，他对他说：「你体会到，你正在跟那些就像死人的人们说话？你并不是正在跟活的人谈话。」这是极端古怪的语气，整个事情突然就像那样结束。丝毫没有多馀的东西的痕迹。每样事情都突然结束。「伊雷克特拉」的结局，牵涉这个字词的适当意义的实践。

We can leave aside Oedipus Rex, given the perspective I am adopting here.  In any case, I am not claiming to promulgate a general law, since we know nothing of the greater part of Sophocles's work.

我们能够将「伊狄浦斯悲剧」放置一边，假如考虑到我在此正在採用的观点。无论如何，我并没有正在

The Trachiniae has to do with the end of Hercules. Hercules has come to the end of his labors, and he knows it. He is told he will be able to go and rest, that his work is over. Unfortunately, he mixed up the last of his labors with the desire for a female captive, and because she loves him, his wife sends him the delightful tunic that she has been keeping since the beginning in case of need, as a kind of weapon to be reserved for the right moment. She sends it to him and you know what happens. The whole end of the play is taken up with Hercules's groans and roars of pain as he is consumed by the burning cloth.

「特拉奇尼亚」跟赫丘勒斯的结局有关系。赫丘勒斯已经接近他的受罚劳工的结束，他知道。他被告诉，他将能够去休息。他的工作已经做完。不幸地，他将他最后一项的劳工，跟对于一位女性俘虏的欲望混淆一块。因为她爱他，他的妻子送他那件她从开始就一直保存的舒适的衣袍，以备不时之需。作为是一种武器，保留给适当的时刻。她将它送给他，你们知道发生什么事。这部戏剧的整个结局发生时，赫丘勒斯的呻呤与痛苦的嚎叫，因为那件热烫的布让他消受不了。

Then there is Philoctetes. Philoctetes is a character who has been exiled on an island. He has been rotting away there for ten years, and then he is asked to render the community a service. All kinds of things happen, including the moving struggle with his conscience of the young Neoptolemes, who is dispatched to serve as bait in an attempt to deceive the hero. Finally, there is Oedipus at Colonus.

然后就是「费罗特忒斯」。他这个人物曾经被放逐到一个岛上。他曾经在那里意志消磨有十年。然后他被要求提供对社会的服务。各种的事情发生，包括跟他的良心的感人的奋斗，他对这位年轻的尼奥拓列密斯的良性。后者被派遣去充当诱饵，为了欺骗这位英雄。最后，就是「伊狄浦斯在科伦纳斯」。

You have no doubt noted the following. If there is a distinguishing characteristic to everything we ascribe to Sophocles, with the exception of Oedipus Rex, it is that for all his heroes the race is run. They are at a limit that is not accounted for by their solitude relative to others. There is something more; they are characters who find themselves right away in a limit zone, find themselves between life and death. The theme of between-life-and-death is moreover formulated as such in the text, but it is also manifest in the situations themselves.

无可置疑，你们已经注意到以下。假如有一个显著的特征，作为我们归属于索福克利斯的每件事情的特色。除了「伊狄浦斯悲剧」。那就是，尽管他的各种英雄人物，这个競赛被进行。他们作为无法被解释的限制，由于相对于别人的他们的孤独。还有某件东山；他们这些人物发现他们自己立即处于一个极限的地区。他们发现自己处于生命与死亡之间。而且，这个生命与死亡之间的主题本身在文本里解释，但是这也是显而易见，在情境的本身。

One could even fit Oedipus Rex into this context. The hero has a characteristic that is both unique to him and paradoxical in relation to others. At the beginning of the drama he has attained the height of happiness. Yet Sophocles represents him as driven to bring about his own ruin through his obstinacy in wanting to solve an enigma, to know the truth. Everyone tries to prevent him, including especially Jocasta, who is always saying, "That's enough; we already know enough." Still he wants to know and in the end he does know. Yet I do grant that Oedipus Rex is an exception; it doesn't fit the general formula of the Sophoclean hero, who is marked by a stance of the race-is-run.

我们甚至能够将「伊狄浦斯王」放进这个文本。这位英雄拥有一个特性，自己独立特行，跟别人矛盾重重。在戏剧的开始，他幸福得无与伦比。可是，索福克利斯表现他，作为是被迫导致他自己的毁灭，由于他固执想要解答一个谜团，为了知道真理。每个人尝试阻止他，包括特别是妻子乔卡斯塔，她总是说，「那足够了；我们已经知道够了。」可是，他想要知道，最后，他确实知道。可是，我确实承认，「伊狄浦斯王」是一个例外。它并不适合索福克利斯英雄的一般公式。他被标示的态度是：競赛被进行。

Let us now return to Antigone, whose race is run in the most obvious of ways.

让我们现在回到安提贡尼。她的競赛被进行，以最为明显的方式。

On one occasion I showed you an anamorphosis; it was the finest I could find for our purpose, and it is indeed exemplary, far beyond anything one could have hoped for. Do you remember the cylinder from which this strange phenomenon rises up? It cannot properly speaking be said that from an optical point of view there is an image as such. Without going into the optical definition of the phenomenon, one can say that it is because an infinitesimal fragment of image is produced on each surface of the cylinder that we see a series of screens superimposed; and it is as a result of these that a marvelous illusion in the form of a beautiful image of the passion appears beyond the mirror, whereas something decomposed and disgusting spreads out around it.

在某个场合，我跟你们显示一种变形。那是我能够找到的最精致的变形，充当我的目的。它确实是典范，远超过任何我们本来能够希望的东西。你们还记得那个圆筒吗？这个奇怪的现象出于那里的圆筒？适当来说，它不能说是从某个视觉的观点，有一个意象的本身。我们没有探究现象的视觉的定义，我们能够说，那是因1意象的微细碎片被产生，在圆筒的每个表面。我们看见一连串的帘幕被赋加在上面。由于这些的结果，激情的美丽意象的形式的神奇的幻景出现在镜子的外面，而某件被瓦解于令人厌恶的东西，

That's the kind of thing that is involved here. What is the surface that allows the image of Antigone to rise up as an image of passion? The other day I evoked in connection with her the phrase, "Father, why hast thou abandoned me?" which is literally expressed in one line. Tragedy is that which spreads itself out in front so that that image may be produced. When analyzing it, we follow an inverse procedure; we study how the image had to be constructed in order to produce the desired effect. So let's begin.

那就是在此牵涉的事情。那个让安提贡尼的意象能够起来，作为是激情的意象的表面是什么？前天，关于她，我召唤这个术语，「父亲，为什么你遗弃我？」它实质上用一行来表达。悲剧是在前台扩展它自己的东西，为了产生那个意象。当我们分析它时，我们遵照一个倒转的秩序。我们研究这个意象如何必须被建构，为了产生欲望中的效果。所以，让我们开始。

I have already emphasized the implacable side of Antigone; the side that shows neither fear nor pity is apparent at every point. Somewhere in order to deplore this, the Chorus calls her, line 875, αύτόγνωτο•;. That should be heard alongside the γνώθι aeaxnov of the Delphic oracle. One cannot ignore the meaning of the kind of self-knowledge attributed to her. I have already indicated her extreme harshness when she tells Ismene of her purpose at the beginning. "Do you realize what is happening?" she asks. Creon has just promulgated what is called a κήρυγμα - a term that plays an important role in modern protestant theology as a dimension of the revelation.

我已经强调安提贡尼的无法缓和的一面。这一面显示：在每个时刻既没有恐惧，也没有同情是明显的。在某个地方，为了要哀叹这个αύτόγνωτο•，，合唱队呼唤他，在875行。那应该被听见，沿着德菲克预言的γνώθι aeaxnov。 我们无法忽视归属于她的那种自我知识的意义。我已经指示她的极端的严酷，当她告诉艾斯门，她在开始的目的。「你体会到正在发生什么事情？」她问道。克瑞恩刚刚宣佈所谓的κήρυγμα—这一个术语扮演一个重要的角色，在现代的基督教的神学，作为是启示的维度。

Her manner is as follows: "Here's the situation then. This is what he has proclaimed for you and me." Then she adds in the lively style of the text:"I speak for me." And she goes on to affirm that she will bury her brother.

她的方式如下：「在此就是这个情境。这就是他曾经跟你们与我宣佈的东西。」然后，她补充说，以文本的生动的风格：「我替我言说。」她继续肯定，她将会埋葬她的兄长。

We will see what that means. 我们将会看出那是什么意思。