IPA精神分析辞典:投射性认同 Projective identification
作者: mints 译 / 8450次阅读 时间: 2022年3月21日
标签: 认同 投射 投射性认同 粘附性认同
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II. C. Latin American Contributions and Developments心理学空间FFn4A%j0W

o?f%Q#@.xZ!n02.3 拉丁美洲的贡献和发展

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M. Klein's ideas had a great acceptance in Argentina in the 1950s and '60 and, from there, spread in Latin America where development continued. They were used in a creative way generating new points of view that enriched the original ideas of M. Klein and her followers.

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克莱因的思想在20世纪50年代和60年代在阿根廷得到了广泛的接受,从那里传播到拉丁美洲,并在那里持续发展。他们被创造性地使用,产生了新的观点,丰富了克莱因及其追随者的原始想法。

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H4n dM5z)TtPN0Contributions by Heinrich Racker (1910-1961), Willy and Madeleine Baranger, Leon Grinberg, Enrique Pichon Riviere, Arminda Aberastury, José Bleger, Angel Garma, Marie Langer, may be considered the main Latin American original contributions in the field of projective identification.心理学空间 u6N7y.M#A(Z

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Heinrich Racker(1910-1961)、Willy和Madeleine Baranger、Leon Grinberg、Enrique Pichon Riviere、Arminda Aberastury、JoséBleger、Angel Garma、Marie Langer的贡献可能被认为是拉丁美洲在投射认同领域的主要原创贡献。心理学空间!t,Y8D0jJ0N6U-@9z

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As projective identification is often the only means for patients to communicate mental contents that are too painful to be articulated, the reception and understanding of the patient's projections is a tool par excellence in working with difficult cases. The Argentine analyst Heinrich Racker, in his pivotal work on countertransference, described concordant and complementary identifications as intrinsic parts of the therapeutic relationship. In a concordant identification, the analyst uses aspects of him/herself to find a way to understand the paths and meanings of the patient's internal conflicts, a process often referred to as empathy. Simultaneously, his/her trying to understand his unconscious complementary identifications will allow him/her to find out which internal object of the patient he/she is representing in the transference, in the hic et nunc of the analytic session, often one that has been disavowed and projected in the form of a projective identification. (Racker, 1953, 1957).

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:m2N:~8p pA$Y#b0由于投射性认同通常是患者沟通精神内容的唯一方法,这些内容太痛苦、难以表达,因此,在处理困难病例时,接收和理解病人的投射就是一个优秀工具。阿根廷分析师Heinrich Racker在其关于反移情的关键著作中,将一致性和互补的认同描述为治疗关系的内在部分。在一致认同中,分析师利用他/她自身的各个方面,找到一种方法来理解患者内部冲突的路径和意义,这一过程通常被称为移情。同时,他/她试图理解自己无意识的互补认同,这将允许他/她找出他/她在移情中代表的是患者的哪个内在客体,在分析会话的此时此地(阿根廷语 hic et nunc)中,这些通常是以投射认同的形式已经被否定和投射了。(Racker, 1953, 1957)。

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Cc(BY d!p%z0Within this enlarged view, the countertransference as informed by projective identification becomes an unavoidable tool by which the analyst is able to understand more of the patient's object world. The analyst can then use that experience to help understand the patient's object world and in time to process and return a modified form of the projection much like a mother does for her infant. Bion describes this process as helping the patient develop the capacity for alpha-function, i.e. thinking (see entry COUNTERTRANSFERENCE).

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&G)r`|{`&Y0v7J7M0在这个放大的视图中,投射性认同所告发(informed)的反移情成为一个不可避免的工具,通过它,分析师能够更多地理解患者的客体世界。然后,分析师可以利用这种体验来帮助理解患者的客体世界,并及时处理和返回一种修改过的投射性形式,就像母亲对婴儿所做的那样。Bion将这一过程描述为帮助患者发展阿尔法功能的能力,即思考能力。心理学空间0^.ou@/EPL

H;JhL+no^4g5?0For Racker, complementary identifications necessarily involved the patient's activating aspects of the analyst's unconscious. His Argentine colleague, Leon Grinberg (1956, 1979) developed the concept of “projective counter-identification” to describe clinical encounters with the aim of defining心理学空间4eT-tK'\(J4tVr

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对于Racker来说,互补性认同必然涉及患者激活精神分析师的无意识面向。他的阿根廷同事Leon Grinberg(1956, 1979)提出了“投射性反认同(projective counter-identification)”的概念,以描述临床遭遇,定义的目的是:

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“… a number of disturbances introduced in the psychoanalytic technique on account of the excessive role played by projective identifications in the analysand, giving rise to a specific response in the analyst [...] whereby he is 'led' to perform, in an unconscious and passive way, the different roles assigned to him or her” (1956, p. 507).心理学空间N4N7u/ez|6l

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“……精神分析技术中引入的一些干扰,是由于被分析者投射性认同在中扮演(played)了过度的角色,在分析者中引起了特定的反应[…],由此,他被“引导”运行,以无意识和被动的方式扮演分配给他的不同角色。”(1956,  p507)心理学空间5a UZAY(Qm.z6k5q5s

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In one of his texts on this subject, Grinberg (1979) discussed the difference between Racker's notion of complementary countertransference (Racker, 1953) and his own idea of projective counter-identification. He considered that Racker's concept derived from the analyst's identification with some of the patient's inner objects felt as objects from his/her own childhood past. The analyst's emotional response was based, then, on his/her own anxieties and conflicts with inner objects similar to those of the analysand. On the other hand, in the projective counter-identification.心理学空间 Z"Lz6l8X H;Uo5v#zV#w

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关于这个主题,Grinberg(1979)在一篇文章中讨论了Racker提到的互补反移情概念(Racker, 1953)和他自己的投射反认同概念之间的差异。他认为,Racker的概念来源于分析师对患者的一些内在客体的认同,这些客体被(分析师)认为是他/她自己童年时代的客体。分析师的情绪反应是基于他/她自己的焦虑。以及与分析师类似的内在客体的冲突。另一方面,在投射性反认同中:

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“The analyst's reaction stems, for the most part, independently of his own conflicts and corresponds in a predominant or exclusive way to the intensity and quality of the patient's projective identification. In this case, the origin of the process comes from the patient and not the analyst. It is the patient who, in an unconscious and regressive manner, and because of the specific functional psychopathic modality of his projective identification, actively provokes a determined emotional response in the analyst, who (1979, p 234)… may have the feeling of being no longer his own self and of unavoidably becoming transformed into the object which the patient, unconsciously, wanted him to be (id, ego, or some internal object), or to experience those affects (anger, depression, anxiety, boredom, etc.) the analysand forced onto him.” (ibid, 231)心理学空间-FV:V L)M0S {

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“分析师的反应在很大程度上独立于他自己的冲突,并以一种占据优势的、或排他性的方式与患者的投射性认同的强度和质量相对应。在这种情况下,这一过程源头来于自患者,而不是分析师。正是患者以一种无意识和退行的方式,因为他的投射性认同具有的特定功能性的精神病性模式在精神分析师之中主动的激起了一种坚定的情绪反应,精神分析师(1979, p234)……可能会有一种自己不再是自己的感觉,并且不可避免地变成了患者的无意识地想要他成为的那个客体(本我、自我或某种内在客体),或者是被分析者强加给他的那些情感(愤怒、抑郁、焦虑、无聊等)。”(同上,231)心理学空间+P2a2m'C`&].x

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Grinberg's concept can be useful in understanding some enactments that occur between patient and analyst.

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&lh/kFn}0Grinberg的概念有助于理解患者和分析师之间发生的一些行为。

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v_p!EpLE7PAV0Willy and Madeleine Baranger(1961-62, 2008), heavily influenced by Bion, have developed a theory of the analytic field that emphasizes the interdependence of the coparticipants in the analytic dyad and explores the role of the analytic dyad in the formation of “defensive bastions” in the course of the analytic treatment. They assert that every analytic couple is unique and neither member can be understood without the other. They consider the analytic field as being the real object of observation and analysis, as it is a co-creation of projective identifications of both the analyst and the patient. They refer to an analytic session as a co-constituted “fantasy”.心理学空间{;\p9V'sLT;Y%O4|#O

"V1h/VNc+qL(MA0Willy and Madeleine Barange(1961-62,2008)深受比昂的影响,发展了一种分析性场域(analytic field)理论,这个理论强调,分析性二元关系中的合作者彼此相互依赖性,同时探索了分析性二元关系在分析治疗过程中形成的“防御堡垒(defensive bastions)”的作用。他们断言,每一对分析双元都是独一无二的,而且,任何一个成员都无法在缺乏对方的情况下能够被理解。他们认为,分析领域充当了观察和分析的真实客体,因为它是分析师和患者的投射性认同共同创造的。他们把一节分析称为共同构成的“幻觉”。心理学空间6P hx5x)^

“The basic phantasy of a session is not the mere understanding of the phantasy of the patient by the analyst, but something that is constructed in a couple relationship”… This phantasy “is constituted by the interplay of processes of projective and introjective identification and of the counteridentifications that act with their different limits, functions and different characteristics in the patient and the analyst”. (W. & M.Baranger, 2008)心理学空间$yK?!C;HeC8P

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“一节分析的基本幻觉不只是分析师理如何解患者的幻觉,而是一些在双方关系中建立的东西”…这种幻觉“是由投射性认同和内摄性认同过程以及projective反认同过程的相互作用构成的,这些过程在患者和分析师中具有不同的局限性、功能和特征”。(W. & M. Baranger, 2008)

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II. PROJECTIVE IDENTIFICATION IN THE ANALYTIC WORK
1Q1M7o8w&l03、 分析工作中的投射性认同

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Projective identification is a concept describing the pre-conscious and spontaneous way to approach another person. It functions both in the psychoanalyst and in the analysand, and is not an artificial tool the analyst might decide to choose or not to choose. Whatever his theoretical framework, there will be between him and his patient, a two-way continuous stream of projective identifications.心理学空间e$`,G%Wy~$[

7O.nEy(UnL?3Y0投射性认同这个概念用来描述前意识和自发性在接近另一个人的时候的运作方式。它在精神分析师和被分析者中都起作用,而不是分析师或许决定选择或不选择的人为工具(artificial tool)。无论分析师的理论框架是怎样的,他和他的病人之间都会有一个双向的、连续不断的投射性认同的涌动。

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Projective identification is a dynamic concept to describe the means by which a human relation is developing, including the way any analytic relationship is processing As such, it facilitates reflection around more classical and static concepts such as “transference and countertransference”, “transference neurosis”, “countertransference neurosis” and so on. It also makes it more spontaneous to use the analyst's auto-analytic capacity to observe the impact on him/her of this constant two-way flux of projective identification and to sort out the effects on it, according to the analyst's own character and neurosis, as well as to the impact on him/her of specific movements of projective identifications of the patient on the analyst. It may be possible to discern the analyst′s own defensive movements against psychic pain and try then to detect to which internal object or part of the patient's Self the analyst is projectively identified in this moment of suffering, anger, or compassion.

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;iW5W G8M!SB-z'L q,g0投射性认同是一个动态概念,用来描述人际关系发展的意义,包括任何分析性关系的运作方式,它促成了对更加经典的和静态的精神分析概念的反思,例如“移情与反移情”、“移情性神经症”、“反移情神经症”等。这也使得分析师运用自己的自动分析能力观察这种持续性的投射性认同的双向流动对他/她产生的影响,根据分析师自身的性格和神经症,以及患者的投射性认同在分析师身上的特定运动来整理这些对他/她产生的影响。投射性认同或许有可能辨别分析师自己防御精神痛苦的方式,然后尝试检测分析师在痛苦、愤怒或慈悲(compassion)时刻投射性地认同了患者的哪部分内在客体或者哪部分自体。心理学空间$vAD.Z_xR+vq2y

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The advantage to thinking about analytic work in progress during any psychoanalytic session in terms of projective identification lies in the better use that can be made of the analyst's own experience of analysis and auto-analysis to discern the nature, the intensity and the pathology of the patient's projective identifications, in relation to the various internal objects – generally part-objects – that s/he projects onto the analyst in a given moment of the session, as well as the causality of such a movement.心理学空间 rM z$u+nA3y

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从投射性认同的角度思考任何精神分析会谈中正在进行的分析工作的优势在于,可以更好地利用分析师的自我分析、以及自动分析经验来辨别患者的投射性认同的性质、强度和病理学,以及这些和她/他在特定时段投射到分析师身上有关的各种内在客体(通常是部分客体),和这种运动的因果关系。

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\c)lm.MVj0Bion's work with groups and psychotic patients led him to propose important developments in the concept of projective identification. In the clinical field, through the conceptualization of the pair container/contained, the violence or excessiveness of projective identification became a function of the receiving container too, i.e. the unconscious psychic functioning of the analyst, including his character, mode of object relations and theoretical background

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Bion通过和团体/精神病患者工作,提出了投射性认同概念的重要发展。在临床领域,通过对容器/涵容物的概念化,暴力的或过度的投射性认同的也起到了接受性容器的功能——分析师的无意识心理功能,包括他的性格、客体关系模式和理论背景。心理学空间m;QL/W S%k'D

M2].f5w@"zp^0It also led him to rethink the concept of “negative therapeutic reaction” and to add to the classical components of such a pathology – such as envy, masochism, jealously and unconscious guilt – the pathology of the relation container/contained (Bion, 1970). By observing the patients' need for a particular kind of containment, he recognizes in them a structural defect, mainly linked to a poor capacity to install basic organizing defenses by healthy splitting, denial and idealization, and a tendency to regress to confusion.心理学空间.?'rC+e] g

s#fm9v{8x9l#e0这也促使他重新思考“消极治疗反应(negative therapeutic reaction)”的概念,而且,他在这种病理学的经典组成部分——如嫉羡、受虐、嫉妒和无意识内疚——中添加了关系容器/涵容的病理学(Bion, 1970)。通过观察患者对特定涵容的需求,他认识到患者存在一种结构性缺陷,主要与通过健康的分裂、否认和理想化、以及倾向于退行到混乱之中所建立的、能力底下的基本的组织防御有关。心理学空间"XU5I3g}9ez9d1I

L m\Pe2[8?0From 1990 onwards, psychoanalytic neonatology has been developing new observations and new links with neurosciences on the topic of projective identification and the container/contained configuration (see in particular the team of the Tavistock Clinic created in Italy by Donald Meltzer and Martha Harris, with the works of Suzanna Maiello (2012) Michael Rustin and Margaret Rustin (1989, 2016, 2019). In the field of autism, the outstanding work of Geneviève Haag (2018) is studying in full detail the difference between projective identification and adhesive identity in autistic pathologies.

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从1990年开始,精神分析新生儿学(neonatology)开始观察投射性认同,以及容器/容器构成(configuration)的神经科学主题之间的联系。(参见Donald Meltzer 和 Martha Harris创建的意大利塔维斯托克诊所团队,以及(Suzanna Maiello (2012) Michael Rustin and Margaret Rustin)在自闭症领域的工作,Geneviève Haag (2018) 的杰出作品正在详细研究自闭症中投射性认同和粘附认同之间的病理学区别 。

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 IV. SOCIAL/CULTURAL/POLITICAL APPLICATIONS OF PROJECTIVEIDENTIFICATORY PROCESSES
1I8VbX.tG04、 投射性认同过程的社会/文化/政治应用心理学空间 i1l)m4dL

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The concept of projective identification has been utilized by some psychoanalytic writers to help comprehend phenomena such as abuse, malignant prejudice and genocide. Vamik Volkan (1988) has written extensively on the question of why people commit murder in the name of shared ethnic, national, religious or ideological sentiments. Following Freud's Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego (1921). Volkan (Varvin and Volkan, 2003; Volkan, 2014a, Volkan, 2014b) focused on large group psychology and the ways such groups deal with shame through disavowal and the fostering of identify through externalization and projection. He coined the term “depositing” to help explain how hatred is passed along the generations as traumatized adults, due to experiences such as war or genocides which threaten large group identities, depositing traumatized self-images into the developing psyches of their children. Grotstein (2004), writing from a Bionian perspective, notes the rampant use of projective identification that colonialists employed to subjugate indigenous peoples based on the moral imperative to purify the heathens. Kernberg (2003a,b) attempts to come to grips with massive social violence by describing a large group's need to identify and follow a charismatic leader to meet their ego ideal and adopt a paranoid ideological rigidity. An “other” thus becomes dehumanized and becomes the repository of all projected “badness”, not only justifying horrific violence, but at times raising it to the level of a moral imperative. Susan Grand's The Reproduction of Evil (2000) utilizes a contemporary relational perspective to understand the nature of evil on an interpersonal level as it functions in the form of a relationship between perpetrator and victim.She describes the process by which the “soul murder” of a victim generates the formation of an unbearable “no self”, which can only be eradicated through a transformation into a perpetrator who has evacuated this dehumanized aspect into his victim.Grand explains that the “othering” that the creation of a sacrificial human life requires involves the formation of an “I-it” relationship (Buber, 1937) whereby the oppressed loses its humanity becoming a thing. This thing-victim then must be destroyed, as it has become the repository for the perpetrator's “dread”. Thus, Grand is able to vividly explicate how evil is created and reproduced across the generations and helps us comprehend how people come to hate and destroy one another.

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i,^7Sh |$DDE0一些精神分析师已经用投射性认同的概念帮助理解诸如虐待、恶性偏见和种族灭绝等现象。Vamik Volkan(1988)写了大量文章论述了为什么人们会借用共同的种族、民族、宗教或意识形态的名义杀人的问题。Volkan(Varvin and Volkan, 2003; Volkan, 2014a, Volkan, 2014b)沿着弗洛伊德在《群体心理学和自我分析》(1921年)对群体心理学的关注,以及这些群体如果通过否认和和投射培养认同感,以此来应对羞耻感的论述,创造了“酱缸(depositing)”一词,以解释仇恨如何像受伤的成年人一样代代相传——因为战争或种族灭绝等威胁到了大群体的认同体验,将受创伤的自我形象沉腐到孩子心理发展之中。Grotstein(2004)从比昂的角度出发,指出殖民主义者根据净化异教徒的道德义务,大量使用投射性认同来征服土著民族。Kernberg(2003a,b)试图通过描述一个大群体需要认同、并追随一位有魅力的领导者来满足他们的自我理想,同时,采取偏执僵化的意识形态来应对大规模社会暴力。一个“他者”因此变得非人化,成为储存所有“邪恶”投射的仓库,这个他者不仅为可怕的暴力行为辩护,有时还将其提升到道德必须服从的层次。Susan Grand的《邪恶的再现》(The Reproduction of Evil,2000)运用当代关系视角,从人际层面理解邪恶的本质,因为它的功能体现了做恶者和受害者之间的关系。她描述了受害者的“灵魂谋杀”形成一种难以忍受的“没有自我”的过程,想要根除这种“没有自我”,只能转变为一位犯罪者,将这种非人性化的一面转移到受害者身上。Grand解释说,创造献祭的人命(human life)所需要的“他者化(othering)”涉及了“我-它”关系(Buber,1937)的形成,在这种关系中,被压迫者失去了人性,成为一种东西。这个东西必须被摧毁,因为它已经成为犯罪者“恐惧”的仓库。于是,Grand有能力生动地解释邪恶在几代人之间制造和复制的方式,能够帮助我们理解人们为何相互仇恨和相互毁灭。

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V. CONCLUSIONS心理学空间A([9Iz @i4X:Kj
五、结论心理学空间!?lcwn2?bC i ` a

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Melanie Klein's introduction of the concept of projective identification in 1946 has had a great impact on psychoanalytic theoretical and clinical thinking worldwide. She developed this concept from her psychoanalytic experiences with children and adults. It has its roots in Freud's concepts of projection and identification. Klein viewed projective identification as an intrapsychic means by which the infant relieves itself of unwanted affects, objects and parts of the self, and a mechanism by which it takes control of the mother in [unconscious] phantasy by projecting these aspects into the mother. As Klein viewed the infant's project as keeping the bad out and the good in, she noted that projective and introjective identification go hand in hand.

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xfLkYmF corf0梅兰妮克莱因在1946年引入投射性认同的概念,对全世界的精神分析理论和临床思维产生了巨大影响。她在童与成人的精神分析的工作中发展出了这个概念,投射性认同植根于弗洛伊德的投射和认同的概念。克莱因认为,投射性认同是一种内在的精神方式,婴儿通过这种方式释放自己不想要的情感、客体和部分自我,婴儿通过这种机制,将上述部分投射到母亲身上,在[无意识]幻觉中控制母亲。正如克莱因所认为的,婴儿的投射是把坏的东西挡在外面,把好的东西放在里面,她指出,投射性认同和内摄性性认同相辅相成。

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G%g Jn2B6V(t X0Klein stressed the fact that this mode of functioning erases the boundary between external reality and psychic reality and allows the subject to gain power – in phantasy – over whole or part of an external person or of an internal object.

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克莱因强调了这样的一个事实,即,这种功能模式消除了外部现实和心理现实之间界限的,并允许主体在幻觉中获得外部人或内部客体的全部或部分的力量。

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#sFFQ6h0She viewed projective identification as one of the primal sets of defenses together with splitting, denial and idealization, with which it goes hand in hand. She observed that a pathological use of projective identification keeps the subject in an illusory phantasy of being able to avoid the long and painful process of mourning described by Freud (1915) and thus – in the Kleinian framework – impede the move from the paranoid-schizoid position to the depressive position.

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她认为,投射性认同是一种与分裂、否认和理想化相伴而生的原始的防御手段。她观察到,投射性认同的病理性使用使得主体处于一种虚幻的幻觉中,即,能够避免弗洛伊德(1915年)描述的漫长而痛苦的哀悼过程,从而——在克莱因框架中——阻止了从偏执-分裂心位向抑郁心位的转变。

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n3A(C*o)`Q0Wilfred Bion expanded Klein's notion of 'projective identification as a defensive phantasy' to include its function as a normal, pre-verbal form of communication that actually occurs between mother and infant. According to Bion, projective identification is the infant's primal mode of communication with the mother. The infant projects unwanted, unthinkable, sometimes horrifying experiences (beta-elements) into the mother, who receives and “contain” them and through her alfa-function – where “reverie” is an important factor – transforms the beta-elements into alfa-elements which, when re-introjected by the infant, can be used for the building of primitive thoughts. Thus, projective identification is the basis for the infant's development of a capacity for thinking.心理学空间#Bg}Jo3e s@:T

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Wilfred Bion扩展了Klein的“投射性认同是一种防御性幻觉”的概念,将其视为一种真实地发生在母婴之间的正常的、前言语的沟通形式。根据比昂的说法,投射性认同是婴儿与母亲的主要沟通方式。婴儿将不想要的、不可想象的、有时令人恐惧的体验(贝塔元素)投射到母亲身上,母亲接收并“涵容”这些体验,并通过她的阿尔法功能——其中的“遐想”是一个重要因素——将贝塔元素转化为阿尔法元素,当婴儿重新注入这些元素时,这些元素可用于构建原始思想。因此,投射性认同是婴儿发展思维能力的基础。心理学空间l-Xn Q$hkY(y

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The fundamental theories of Klein and Bion on projective identification have been developed and elaborated in all the three IPA regions.心理学空间RCA4J.XYJ(s4h#^

Y:d{+eb0Q0Klein和Bion关于投射认同的基本理论在IPA的三个大区中都得到了发展和阐述。心理学空间l ^A2O.s4^%N&pf+t

yG1_4a-RdQ,X_$^U [0In Europe, especially in England, several analysts have deepened the understanding of projective identification. In the field of infant observation and in the clinical treatment of autistic children, a stage prior to projective identification (adhesive identification) has been described, and in adults light has been shed on how the splitting and projective processes of projective identification lead to paranoid anxieties, where the self feels persecuted by the aggressive and hateful aspects that have been projected into external objects. The clinical usefulness of the concept of projective identification is illustrated by several authors, making it possible for the analyst to catch and understand how the sometimes subtle pressure from these processes influences the transference and countertransference. Donald Meltzer can be considered as the European analyst who has contributed most to the understanding and development of Klein's and Bion's theories on projective identification.

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/R%j*F \'LYD0在欧洲,尤其是在英国,一些分析师深入理解投射性认同。他们已经在婴儿观察领域和自闭症儿童的临床治疗中,描述了投射性认同(粘附性认同)之前的一个阶段,并且已经阐明了投射性认同在成人中的分裂和投射过程如何导致偏执焦虑,以及自我的情绪感受(self feels)如果遭受了(那些被投射到外部客体上的)攻击性和仇恨迫害。几位作者阐述的投射性认同概念的临床效用使得分析师能够捕捉并理解这些过程中有些时刻出现的微妙压力如何对移情和反移情造成了影响。可以说,Donald Meltzer是他对克莱因和比昂的投射性认同理论的理解和发展做出了最大贡献的欧洲分析师。

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In North America, Melanie Klein's theories were first received with resistance, especially because of her emphasis on destructiveness and envy. However, in 1968, Bion moved from London to Los Angeles and stayed there for almost 10 years, working as an analyst and giving seminars. His theories, not least on the communicative aspects of projective identification, gradually had a strong impact on North American psychoanalysis. Many analysts in North America, working from an interpersonal/relational perspective have come to view projective identification as a bi-directional process that is not merely a phantasy (Klein's view) but involve real interaction between patient and analyst. Along these lines, projective identification is seen as a normal form of communication between patient and analyst that can be more or less pathological in nature depending on the nature of the mental contents extruded. Projective identification thus provides a bridge between the intrapsychic and the interpersonal and the object of study shifts from either the patient or the analyst to the field they co-constitute.

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在北美,梅兰妮·克莱因的理论先是受到了抵制,尤其是因为她强调了破坏性和嫉妒。然而,1968年,比昂从伦敦搬到洛杉矶,在那里待了近10年,担任分析师并举办研讨会。他的理论,尤其是投射认同的人际沟通方面,逐渐对北美精神分析产生了强烈的影响。在北美,许多从人际/关系角度进行工作的分析师已经开始将投射性认同视为一个双向过程,它不仅是一种幻觉(克莱因的观点),而且涉及了患者和分析师之间的真实互动。沿着这些思路,投射性认同被视为患者和分析师之间的一种正常沟通形式,根据被压榨出来的心理内容,其本质或多或少的是一种病理性的。因此,投射性认同在内在精神和人际关系之间提供了一座桥梁,研究的对象从患者或分析师转移到他们共同构成的领域。心理学空间ed ZTYH7k[

k9g*N4|g{n Latin America Melanie Klein's ideas had a great acceptance, first in Argentina in the 1950s and '60s and, from there, spread to psychoanalytic societies in other Latin America countries, where development continued. Latin American analysts have developed sophisticated theories about the analyst's countertransference in relation to projective identifications – his/her reception and understanding of the patient's projective identifications. The analyst's concordant or complementary identifications become unavoidable tools by which the analyst is able to understand more of the patient's object world. Also, Bion's work has been and still is important in Latin American psychoanalysis – he visited both Argentina and Brazil. Not least have his theories been influential in the formulations of the “analytic field” as a co-creation of projective identifications of both the analyst and the patient.心理学空间/Ym8e1["vC,j

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在拉丁美洲,梅兰妮·克莱因的思想得到了广泛的接受,第一次是在20世纪50年代和60年代的阿根廷,然后,从那里传播到其他拉丁美洲国家的精神分析社会,并且仍然在那里的持续发展。拉丁美洲分析师已经发展出了和分析师在投射性认同中的反移情有关的复杂理论,即,他/她如何接受和理解患者投射性认同。分析师的一致性或互补性认同成为不可避免的工具,通过这些工具,分析师能够更多地了解患者的客观世界。此外,Bion的工作在拉丁美洲精神分析领域一直都很重要,现在仍然很重要——Bion访问了阿根廷和巴西。不仅如此,他的理论在“分析场域”的表述中也颇具影响,因为分析场域是分析师和患者的投射性认同共同创造的。

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"_F9X-Jd0Since Melanie Klein in 1946 formulated her theories about projective identification, the concept has been developed and elaborated in rich, complex and sophisticated ways in all of the three IPA regions and this development is still proceeding.心理学空间SO_` NG(v

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自从Melanie Klein在1946年提出了投射性认同的理论以来,这一概念在所有三个IPA地区都以丰富、复杂和弔诡的方式发展和阐述,而且这一发展仍将继续。心理学空间PS's-PsF:k#m

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