6.结语
就我个人的体验来说,处理投射性认同的感觉就像托尔金的《指环王》里描述的那种深入黑暗心脏的最深处的冒险,你随时会感到威胁、痛苦、沮丧、无力,自我就像秋后的草絮,一不留神就容易消失在无边的黑漆漆的山谷。躲避危险的唯一方式就是进一步的贴近危险,就像《指环王》里的主人公,必须带上邪恶的指环,才能在敌人面前隐身。
很难说究竟那个指环是邪恶的,还是人性本性是邪恶的?很难说究竟是指环诱发了人性的恶毒,还是人性的恶毒铸就了指环?
就像我们很难指出在投射性认同中究竟是哪一方先开始这场轮回的游戏一样。
我们也很难说精神分析的理论家们所说婴儿的投射性认同究竟是他们自己的投射,还是果真有其事。
也许,投射性认同这个概念的意义就在于它把指头伸向了混沌无序的人际关系,而不在于它是如何来界定、阐明这种关系的实质的。
1984年,在耶路撒冷希伯来大学的弗洛伊德中心,召开了一次研讨会。可以算是精神分析界的峰会,参与讨论的人物有 Joseph Sandler , W. W. Meissner, Betty Joseph, Otto F. Kernberg等人。
在会中迈斯讷先生首先发难,他认为投射性认同本质上是循环反复的投射和内投射,这个定义应该回到克莱因本来的定义上,用这个术语来描述精神病心理过程的内在的防御机制,投射进入的不是真实客体,而是客体表象。他和当时的很多人进行了争辩,他发现很多人提出来的案例中,其实只存在两个人之间的投射和内射,没有认同的过程。(Sandler,1986p. 64)
其实,从严格的定义来说,投射性认同的确存在这样的问题。即在没有准确定义投射和认同的时候就发明了这个术语。
肯伯格则有不同的意见,他认为,投射和投射性认同还是不同的,他认为在投射性认同中个体还是维持了与被投射的部分的共情(empathy),并且能够诱发客体的相应的内在体验。而在投射中,对被投射的部分出现了批判的态度,而且并不会引起诱发客体的压力感。(Sandler,1986,Rosenblatt, 1991)
他和桑德勒都不同意奥格登和比昂的观点,即认为投射性认同中,接受投射者一定会修正投射过来的内容,然后被投射者再次内化。
肯伯格和很多克莱因学派的治疗师一样认为,投射性认同更多是一种幻想。
对肯伯格来说,投射性认同发生在投射者内部,他通过和他投射的客体共情,认同了他投射到客体身上的不想要的部分。
可是在这一点上,桑德勒和肯伯格又发生了不同,退出了他们那短暂的联合阵线。桑德勒认为投射性认同中认同的过程是发生在客体身上的。
接着桑德勒和Joseph又发生了争执。Joseph支持投射性认同是在建立自体和客体界限中的一个重要的防御机制。而桑德勒不同意,他认为建立自体-客体界限需要成功的投射性认同,但是在精神病的状态中,过强的投射性认同其实是让界限更加模糊。
由此可见,其实投射性认同在精神分析界中是缺乏一个统一的、公认的概念标准的。
对此有一个最简单的处理方法——使用奥康的剃刀。
至于说到对投射性认同的认同的处理,这倒是精神分析一个大的转变。古典主义的阳刚之气(解释、沉默、阴茎)被温情而阴柔的母亲的情怀(接纳、抱持、关爱)替代。分析室的空气中开始弥漫着“情侣的味道”。
对这种含蓄的氛围,罗兰·巴特的描述是比较恰当的——
“其实也没有什么大喜大悲,好端端便会失魂落魄。
感到沉醉,飘飘悠悠,身如轻云。
我不时轻轻触动、抚弄、试探一些念头
(就像用脚伸入水中试探一样),
怎么也排遣不开。
又没有什么大不了的事。
这便是地地道道的柔情。”
(罗兰·巴特,2004,P2)
7.参考文献
ABEND, S. M. 1981 Psychic conflict and the concept of defense Psychoanal. Q. 50 67-76
ABEND, S. M. PORDER, M. S., & WILLICK, M. S. 1983 Borderline Patients: Psychoanalytic Perspectives New York: Int. Univ. Press.
BION, W. 1957 Differentiation of the psychotic from the non-psychotic personalities Int. J. Psychoanal. 38 266-275
BION, W. R. 1959 Attacks on linking International Journal Psycho-Analysis 40 308-315
BION, W. 1959a Experiences in Groups New York: Basic Books.
BION, W. 1959b Attacks on linking Int. J. Psycho-Anal. 40 308-315
BION, W. R. 1967 Second Thoughts: Selected Papers on Psycho-Analysis London: Heinemann.
BION, W. 1977 Unpublished Children's Hospital Presentation, San Francisco, Calif
BOLLAS, C. 1983 Expressive uses of the countertransference Contemporary psychoanalysis 19 1-4
BOLLAS, C. 1987 The Shadow of the Object New York: Columbia University Press.
BOLLAS, C. 1989 Forces of Destiny New York: Jason Aronson.
BOLLAS, C. 1992 Being a Character New York: Hill and Wang.
BRENNER, C. 1982 The Mind in Conflict New York: Int. Univ. Press.
DORPAT, T.1979. Is splitting a defence? Int. Rev. Psychoanal., 6:105-113.
DORPAT, T.1983.Splitting and Projective Identification. Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 64:116-119 (IJP)
EHRENBERG, D.B. 1974 The intimate edge in therapeutic relatedness Contemporary Psychoanalysis 10 423-437
EHRENBERG, D. B. 1975 The quest for intimate relatedness Contemporary Psychoanalysis 11 320-331
EHRENBERG, D. B. 1982 Psychoanalytic engagement Contemporary Psychoanalysis 18 535-555
EHRENBERG,D. B. 1984 Psychoanalytic engagement, II: Affective considerations Contemporary Psychoanalysis 20 560-582
EHRENBERG, D. B. 1985 Countertransference resistance Contemporary Psychoanalysis 21 563-576
EHRENBERG, D. B. 1992 The Intimate Edge New York: Norton.
FREUD, A. 1936 The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defence London: Hogarth Press.
FREUD, S. 1911 Psychoanalytic notes on an autobiographical account of a case of paranoia (dementia paranoides) Standard Edition 12 1-82
FREUD, S. 1914 Remembering, repeating and working through S.E. 12
FREUD, S. 1920 Beyond the pleasure principle S.E. 18
FREUD, S. 1923 The infantile genital organization S.E. 19
FREUD, S. 1927 Fetishism S.E. 21
FREUD, S. 1940a An outline of psycho-analysis S.E. 23
FREUD, S. 1940b Splitting of the ego in the process of defence S.E. 23
FROSCH, J. 1983 The Psychotic Process New York: Int. Univ. Press.
GLOVER, E. 1931 The therapeutic effect of inexact interpretation Int. J. Psycho-Anal. 12 397-411
GRINBERG, L. 1962 On a specific aspect of countertransference due to the patient's projective identification Int. J. Psycho-Anal. 43 436-440
GRINBERG, L. 1979 Counter transference and projective counter identification Contemp. Psychoanal. 15 226-247
GROTSTEIN.J. 1981.Splitting and Projective Identification. New York & London: Jason Aronson.
HAMILTON,G.. 1986 Positive Projective Identification. Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 67:489-496 (IJP)
JACOBSON, E. 1964 The Self and the Object World New York: Int. Univ. Press.
KERNBERG, O. 1967 Borderline personality organization J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn.15 641-685
KERNBERG, O. 1968 The treatment of patients with borderline personality organization Int. J. Psycho-Anal. 49. 600-619
KERNBERG, O. F. 1975 Borderline Conditions and Pathological Narcissism New York: Aronson.
KERNBERG, O. 1976 Normal and pathological development In Object Relations Theory and Clinical Psychoanalysis New York: Jason Aronson.
KERNBERG, O. 1984 Severe Personality Disorders: Psychotherapeutic Strategies New Haven: Yale Univ. Press.
KERNBERG, O. 1987 Projection and Projective Identification: Developmental and Clinical Aspects. J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 35:795-819 (APA)
KLEIN, M. 1929 Personification in the play of children In: Love, Guilt and Reparation and Other Works 1921-1945 New York: Delacorte, 1975 pp. 199-209
KLEIN, M. 1935 A contribution to the psychogenesis of manic-depressive states In: Love, Guilt and Reparation and Other Works 1921-1945 New York: Delacorte, 1975 pp. 262-289
KLEIN, M. 1945 The Oedipus complex in the light of early anxieties In: Love, Guilt and Reparation and Other Works 1921-1945 New York: Delacorte, 1975 pp. 370-419
KLEIN, M. 1946 Notes on some schizoid mechanisms In Envy and Gratitude and Other Works, 1946-1963 New York: Delacorte Press/Seymour Laurence, 1975
KLEIN, M. 1952a The mutual influences in the development of ego and id In: Envy and Gratitude and Other Works 1946-1963 New York: Delacorte, 1975 pp. 57-60
KLEIN, M. 1952b Some theoretical conclusions regarding the emotional life of the infant In: Envy and Gratitude and Other Works 1946-1963 New York: Delacorte, 1975 pp. 61-93
KLEIN, M. 1955 On identification In Envy and Gratitude and Other Works, 1946-1963 New York: Delacorte Press/Seymour Laurence, 1975
KLEIN, M. 1958 On the development of mental functioning In: Envy and Gratitude and Other Works 1946-1963 New York: Delacorte, 1975 pp. 236-246
KLEIN, M. 1959 Our adult world and its roots in infancy In: Envy and Gratitude and Other Works 1946-1963 New York: Delacorte, 1975 pp. 247-263
LANGS, R. 1975 Therapeutic misalliances Int. J. Psychoanal. Psychother. 477-505
LANGS, R. 1976 The Therapeutic Interaction New York: Jason Aronson.
LITTLE, M. 1966 Transference in borderline states Int. J. Psycho-Anal. 476-485
MALIN, A. & GROTSTEIN, J. 1966 Projective identification in the therapeutic process Int. J. Psycho-Anal. 47 26-31
MEISSNER, W. W. 1970 Notes on identification. I. Origins in Freud Psychoanal. Quart. 39 563-589
MEISSNER, W. W. 1971 Notes on identification. II. Clarification of related concepts Psychoanal. Quart. 40 277-302
MEISSNER, W. W. 1980. A note on projective identification. J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 28:43-67.
MEISSNER, W. W. 1973 Identification and learning J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 21 788-816 NADELSON, T. 1976 Victim, victimizer: interaction in the psychotherapy of borderline patients Int. J. Psychoanal. Psychother. 5 115-129
PORDER, M.S. 1987 Projective Identification: An Alternative Hypothesis. Psychoanal. Q., 56:431-451 (PAQ)
OGDEN, T. H. 1974 A psychoanalytic psychotherapy of a patient with cerebral palsy: the relation of aggression to self and body representations Int. J. Psychoanal. Psychother. 3 419-433
OGDEN, T. H. 1976 Psychological unevenness in the academically successful student Int. J. Psychoanal. Psychother. 5 437-448
OGDEN, T. H. 1978 A developmental view of identifications resulting from maternal impingements Int. J. Psychoanal. Psychother. 7 in press.
OGDEN,T. H. 1979 On Projective Identification. Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 60:357-373 (IJP)
OGDEN, T. H. 1982 Projective Identification and Psychotherapeutic Technique New York: Jason Aronson.
PRUYSER, P. 1975 What splits in "splitting" Bull. Menninger Clinic 39 1-46
PANTONE P. J, 1994)Projective Identification: Affective Aspects. Contemp. Psychoanal., 30:604-618 (CPS)
ROSENFELD, H. 1952 Transference-phenomena and transference-analysis in an acute catatonic schizophrenic patient Int. J. Psycho-Anal. 33 457-464
ROSENFELD, H. 1954 Considerations regarding the psychoanalytic approach to acute and chronic schizophrenia Int. J. Psycho-Anal.35 135-140
ROSENFELD, H. 1964 On the psychopathology of narcissism: A clinical approach Internat. J. Psycho-Anal. 45 332-337
ROSENFELD, H. 1971 A clinical approach to the psychoanalytic theory of the life and death instincts: an investigation into the aggressive aspects of narcissism Int. J. Psychoanal. 52 169-178
ROSENFELD, H. 1975 Negative therapeutic reaction In Tactics and Techniques in Psychoanalytic Therapy Vol. 2 Countertransference,ed. P. L. Giovacchini. New York: Aronson, pp. 217-228
ROSENFELD, H. 1978 Notes on the psychopathology and psychoanalytic treatment of some borderline patients Int. J. Psychoanal. 59 215-221
ROSENBLATT,Allan D.1991,Projection, Identification, Projective Identification. J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 39:822-826 (APA)
SANDLER , Joseph. (Eds)1986,Projection, Identification, Projective Identification, Madison, Conn.: Int. Univ. Press, 216
SANDLER,Joseph(Eds) 1988.Some Observations on Projection, Identification, Projective Identification,London: Karnac Books. Pp. 216.
SEGAL, H. 1957 Notes on symbol formation Internat. J. Psycho-Anal. 38 391-397
SEGAL, H. 1964 Introduction to the Work of Melanie Klein New York: Basic Books.
SEARLES, H. 1963 Transference psychosis in the psychotherapy of schizophrenia In Collected Papers on Schizophrenia and Related Subjects New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1965
SEARLES, H. 1975 The patient as therapist to the analyst In Giovacchini, P. (ed.), Tactics and Technique in Psychoanalytic Psychotherapy Vol. 2 New York: Jason Aronson.
SPOTNITZ, H. 1969 Modern Psychoanalysis of the Schizophrenic Patient New York: Grune and Stratton.
STEINER, R.1989 Some Observations on Projection, Identification, Projective Identification. Int. J. Psycho-Anal., 70:727-735 (IJP)
STERN, D. N. 1985 The Interpersonal World of the Infant New York: Basic Books.
WILLICK, M. S. 1983 On the concept of primitive defenses J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn. Suppl., 31 175-200
WINNICOTT, D. W. 1947 Hate in the countertransference In Through Paediatrics to Psycho-Analysis New York: Basic Books, 1975
WINNICOTT, D. W. 1951 Transitional objects and transitional phenomena In Through Paediatrics to Psycho-Analysis New York: Basic Books, 1975
WINNICOTT, D. W. 1952 Psychoses and childcare In Through Paediatrics to Psycho-Analysis New York: Basic Books, 1975
WINNICOTT, D. W. 1956 Primary maternal preoccupation In Through Paediatrics to Psycho-Analysis New York: Basic Books, 1975
WINNICOTT, D. W. 1958 Collected Papers New York: Basic Books…
WINNICOTT, D. W. 1960 Countertransference In Maturational Processes and the Facilitating Environment New York: Int. Univ. Press, 1965
ZINNER, J. & SHAPIRO, R. 1972 Projective identification as a mode of perception and behavior in families of adolescents Internat. J. Psycho-Anal. 53 523-530
罗兰·巴特著,汪耀进 武佩荣译,2004 ,《恋人絮语—— 一个解构主义的文本》,上海人民出版社,第一版
(李孟潮, 通讯地址:武汉市江岸区胜利街176号 武汉中德心理医院 邮编:430014电邮: jihua79946@sohu.com)