T|a'g3^f0Professor Paul Bloom:I am extremely pleased to introduce the fourth and final guest lecture of the semester. Professor Susan Nolen-Hoeksema. Susan is a professor in the Department of Psychology and the Director of Graduate Studies. She is well known for her work in clinical psychology and especially her research in depression, the nature and causes of people with depression, with special focus on sex differences in depression. She basically does everything someone can do. She is a noted scientist, winning many awards and publishing massive amounts of work in scientific journals. She is an award-winning teacher and has authored what, in my mind, is the very best textbook in her area. And she's a noted popular writer who has written popular and accessible books bringing the message and ideas and theories of clinical psychology to the broader public. The only other thing I'll mention before we welcome her is that she's going to teach next year her course in clinical psychology, which has a superb reputation as an extremely interesting course. If you are interested in what you hear today and you want to learn more about it, that's the course you should take. So, let's please welcome Dr. Susan Nolen-Hoeksema. [applause]心理学空间A4Z\7_5O2^!vG ^
3|w9G+W7A,WI`0Professor Susan Nolen-Hoeksema:Thank you Paul. Can everybody hear me okay? Okay. So, what I want to do today is to give you a very brief overview of how modern clinical psychology looks at mental disorders, some of the ways we think about what constitutes a mental disorder, some of the characteristics that kind of cut across mental disorders, and then I'm going to use the case of mood disorders, that is depression and what is now called bipolar disorder, what you may know more popularly as manic-depression, as sort of examples of how we think about a particular set of disorders and some of the ways we go about researching the theories -- different theories for the disorders and some of the prominent treatments for disorders these days. Okay? So, I'm going to do both a fair amount of lecturing, and then I've got lots of video clips to show you as well. So, I'm going to be roaming around and changing venues here fairly often.
So, the first and most fundamental question in clinical psychology is, "What is abnormality?" Where do we draw the line between normal, healthy, typical behavior and what we might want to call abnormal, atypical, deviant, unhealthy, maladaptive mental problems? We tend to have an intuitive sense of what we mean by abnormality, and we'd like to believe--a lot of people who come into my course say, "Well, of course, you know, you guys have figured it out. You know where to draw the line. You have criteria. You have blood tests, right? --that tell me whether I have depression or schizophrenia or one of the things I've read about." Well, the reality is that we don't.心理学空间{%D|t"yu2G
First of all, there is no biological test for any of the known mental disorders right now. And instead what we have is a set of behavioral criteria for how to diagnose different mental disorders. And what I mean by behavioral criteria is a set of symptoms that the person reports to you about how they feel, how they think, and a set of observations about their behavior and how typical or atypical it is. And you take the sort of set of symptoms the person shows or reports, and you match them up against the existing criteria for different mental disorders. And then it comes down to a fairly subjective judgment call about whether the person meets the criteria or not. Unfortunately, these judgment calls, because they are so subjective, can be influenced by a lot of factors. And we won't have a chance to go into these too much today, but just to highlight a few of them.心理学空间XN:w,a:W:Yk;X1@-^
6Y(`l5| ZFkhS0The first is social norms. Whether you get labeled as having a mental disorder or a problem depends very heavily on what your social or cultural norms are. So, a woman wearing a veil in a Muslim community or culture would be seen as typical, even prescribed, behavior. Whereas a woman wearing a veil in a non-Muslim culture, especially until fairly recently, was often looked upon as very atypical or abnormal behavior.