www.psychspace.com心理学空间网
CASE EXAMPLE
The Barret family were referred for family therapy by the individual therapist ofthe sixteen year old anorectic daughter,Tanya.Tanya had been hospitalised by her doctor the previous month when her weight levels were considered life threatening.To date the family had not been involved in her treatment but were now feeling that they could no longer remain on the sidelines when the risk levels were so high. Hospitalisation had also intensified family reactivity, with Tanya blaming her father for allowing her freedom to be taken away, both parents feeling angry that she could allow herself to fall so low, and her nineteen year old sister questioning how Tanya could put her family through so much worry.
Stage one: Calming the system
When a family member is exhibiting life threatening symptoms, it is not realistic to expect that anxiety can be lowered to non reactive levels. In the case of the Barret family my goal was to take the focus away fromTanya's weight sufficiently to enable the family to explore each of their roles in the anxious family patterns.The other systems involved in her treatment were framed as providing her with support and monitoring the risk of her symptoms. She received individual therapy where the therapist focused on supporting her through adoles- cent life cycle tasks. Her doctor was responsible for monitoring her medical condition and weight gain. Family sessions could therefore concentrate on family process in dealing withTanya's eating patterns.
Stage two: Nuclear family issues
Locating the presenting problem in the broader family context re- vealed that the family was in the process of negotiating some signifi- cant changes. Around the onset of Tanya's pronounced weight loss, her older sister, Roslyn, had moved away from home to begin medical studies at university. Roslyn had previously been considered the rebel of the family but was now clearly labelled as the `golden girl' who would make them all proud with her academic success. Family roles and the theme of economic success were identified. Mr. Barret had recently received a promotion which necessitated moving to another city. Mrs. Barret had left her job as a nurse and had not been work- ing for the nine months following the family move. Gender themes were becoming evident asTanya spoke of how personally she was iden- tifying with her mother's loss of professional role. While there were numerous family changes that could inform hypotheses about her symptoms, my primary focus was the operation of family triangles in dealing with anxiety. Tanya expressed her triangled role in her parents'issues as she spoke about their emotional life. She described the stress of her father's work and reported passionately on her mother's loss of status since giving up her nursing job. She perceived her mother's life as empty, and she herself felt similarly empty and directionless.
The fusion in nuclear family relationships was striking, with family members reacting to either comfort or criticise each other. During the sessions, the six year old daughter Liz passed tissues to those who looked upset, or distracted by using puppets from the play box to bring some humour into the room. I reflected to the family just how closely `wired' to each other's feelings they all were and how readily they seemed to switch from their own issues to focus on the emotional intensity of others. Questions were asked that encouraged an awareness of this fusion, for example:
[ToTanya]. `I know you've become an expert at being the emo- tional voice for your parents but what would you say, just this once, if you could speak for your own needs?'
[To Mr. Barret].`Do you have any sense of when you first started to takeTanya's symptoms so personally--as if they were directed at hurting you?'
Mrs. Barret spoke of how their eldest daughter Roslyn had complained of feeling suffocated by being at home and how they had hardly seen her during her last few years of high school.When Roslyn was at home her relationship with her father had been highly con- flictual. Now that she was at medical school Mr. Barret spoke of how proud they all were of her. He had tears in his eyes as he spoke of how Roslyn now had the chance to achieve what he had not been able to. Each of the children, to varying degrees, appeared to be triangled into their parents'emotional issues. While Roslyn and Liz were currently occupying symptom-free roles in diffusing parental anxiety,Tanya seemed stuck in a symptom-focused dance with her parents'neediness.
Nuclear family triangles were tracked around family members' responses to Tanya's eating patterns. A typical sequence would be Mrs. Barret watchingTanya's eating behaviour closely, with Tanya becoming increasingly withdrawn. Mrs. Barret would accuseTanya of bingeing and purging, with the latter responding in tears, saying that nobody in the family would trust her. Mr. Barret who had been hearing a daily account of his wife's suspicions, would begin yelling at Tanya, saying what a disappointment she was to him. Mrs. Barret would feel sorry for her daughter and move closer in support. At this point, when Tanya's symptoms threatened to increase distance and tension in the marriage, Mrs. Barret would suggest ways to her husband and daughter about how they could make up. Tanya con- tinued to refuse to eat with the family but would set up a joint outing for herself and her Dad.
Stage 3: Expanding the view to previous generations
While seeking to draw out the repetitive patterns in the current family experience, I also look for ways to connect present tensions to multigenerational themes.
Exploration of both parents' family of origin revealed potent themes that fed into the intense struggle of the nuclear family triangle betweenTanya, her fatherand her mother.While ever Mr Barret and Mrs Barret could worry about her, they did not have to address the relationship disappointments that they had hoped would be mended through their marriage.
A key task of ongoing therapy was to help the parents separate these unresolved family of origin issues from their interactions with Tanya. Both parents had been in the same middle child position as Tanya, which had intensified their identification with her. Reflecting on their own adolescence and their relationship with their parents helped Mr Barret and Mrs Barretto assume a more objective stance towards their daughter. Mrs Barret was able to stop herself encour- aging Tanya to look after her father following an argument. Mrs Barret was also able to see how her striving to create a different relationship from the distant and critical one she had with her own mother was getting in the way of her being able to set any limits with Tanya. Mr Barret was able to start viewingTanya as a separate person from himself or his father and was thus more able to notice her unique strengths. This shift was a particularly painful journey for Mr Barret, who recounted his memories of his alcoholic father, who had died in an emaciated state after choking on his own vomit. The parallel toTanya's symptoms helped to make sense of his intense reactivity in their relationship.
Tanya was able to hear that herparents'reactions were more about where they had come from than about what kind of a daughter she was. During therapy she struggled to cope with the shift in family patterns. She was excluded from the triangle with her parents where she had occupied a pivotal role in helping to regulate their closeness. To assist with this shift, some sessions were held with her and her older sister Roslyn, so that the sisters could establish a connection as young adults sharing similar life cycle tasks, rather than being their parents'caretakers. A couple of months down the track, she mentioned that she had been writing to Roslyn and that they were sharing information about boyfriends that their parents were not privy to.
After about five months of therapy, her weight had increased to a level which put her out of the medical risk category. At this time Mr Barret and Mrs Barret felt that they wanted to focus on some of their own family of origin issues as a couple and individually.Tanya was busy rehearsing for a school play in which she had the female lead, so she asked if she could take a break from family sessions and let her parents come on their own.
CONCLUSION
At a time when family therapy is rediscovering its psychoanalytic roots (Quadrio, 1986; Luepnitz, 1988; Flaskas, 1993; James, 1992), it is important to be clear about the distinctions between psychodynamic and Bowenian approaches. While both models are compre- hensive in accounting for many aspects of human experi- ence, the essential difference is that Bowen's focus is not the intrapsychic experience of the individual. It focuses on the structure and workings of the system so that the individual can forge a different systemic role. While in psychoanalysis, self understanding comes through the vehicle of the therapist^client relationship, in Bowenian therapy it comes from the between-session, planned action of the `self in the system'.
In giving an overview of Bowen's model, this paper risks oversimplifying its in-depth formulation of family process. My aim has been to summarise Bowen's core concepts and to give a flavour of how these influence the focus of therapy. One needs to be mindful however, of potential pitfalls when using a family of origin model. Bowen's focus on the distant to solve the proximate may take families on therapeutic paths which go beyond their request for the shortest possible road to symptom relief. Without recent significant socio-political additions, Bowen's theory decontextualises relationship patterns that are powerfully informed by gender, ethnicity and class.
Those who adhere to a Bowenian framework speak of the appeal of its attention to complex family patterns in both vertical and horizontal time. Perhaps what is most distinctive about Bowen's theory amongst systemic thera- pies, is that it directs therapists to consider their own roles in their families of origin so that they can person- ally experience the theory in order to appreciate its clinical application.
References
Bograd, M., 1987. Enmeshment: Fusion or Relatedness: A Conceptual Analysis, Journal of Psychotherapy and the Family, 3, 4: 65^80. Bowen, M., 1966. The Use of Family Theory in Clinical Practice, Com- prehensive Psychiatry, 7: 345^374. In M. Bowen, 1978 (see below). Bowen, M., 1971. Family Therapy and Family Group Therapy. In H. Kaplan and B. Sadok, (Eds), Comprehensive Group Psychotherapy, Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins: 384^421. Repr. in M. Bowen, 1978 (see below). Bowen, M., 1971a. Principles and Techniques of Multiple Family Therapy. In J. Bradt and C. Moynihan, (Eds), Systems Theory, [no publisher stated] Washington, DC. Repr. in M. Bowen, 1978 (see below). Bowen, M., 1972. On the Differentiation of Self. First published anonymously in J. Framo, (Ed.), Family Interaction: A Dialogue Between Family Researchers and FamilyTherapists, NY, Springer: 111^173. Repr. in M. Bowen, 1978 (see below). Bowen, M., 1975. Family Therapy After Twenty Years. In S. Arieti, (Ed.), American Handbook of Psychiatry, Vol 5, 2nd edn, NY, Basic Books. Repr. in M. Bowen, 1978 (see below). Bowen, M., 1978. Family Therapy in Clinical Practice, NY and London, Jason Aronson. Carter, E., 1991, My Reluctant Ancestor,The Family Therapy Networker, March^April: 40^41. Carter, E., 1992. Techniques to Help the Therapist to Include the Socio-Cultural Context in CouplesTherapy. Unpublished handout, Family Institute of Westchester. Carter, E. and McGoldrick, M., (Eds), 1980. The Family Life Cycle: A Framework for FamilyTherapy, NY, Gardner Press. Carter, E. and McGoldrick, M., (Eds), 1988.The Changing Family Life Cycle, 2nd edn. NY, Gardner Press. Carter, E. and McGoldrick M., 1991. `Foreword'. In F. Herz Brown, (Ed.), Reweaving the FamilyTapestry, NY and London, Norton. Carter, E. (and Peters, J.), 1996. Love, Honour and Negotiate, NY, Pocket Books. Carter, E., 1988, with Walters, M., Papp, P., and Silverstein, O. The Invisible Web, Gender Patterns in Family Relationships, NY, Guilford. Flaskas, C., 1993. On the Project of Using Psychoanalytic Ideas in Systemic Therapy: A Discussion Paper, ANZJFT 14, 1: 9^15. Goodnow, KK and Lim, MG, 1997. Bowenian Theory in Appli- cation: A Case Study, Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 8, 1: 33^41. Guerin, P., 1976. FamilyTherapy,Theory and Practice, NY, Gardner Press. Guerin, P., Fay, L., Burden, S. and Kautto, J., 1987.The Evaluation and Treatment of Marital Conflict, NY, Basic Books. Guerin, P., Fogarty, T., Fay, L. and Kautto, J., 1996. Working with RelationshipTriangles, NY, London, Guilford. Hare-Mustin, R., 1978. A Feminist Approach to Family Therapy, Family Process 17: 181^194. Herz Brown, F., 1991. The Model. In F. Herz Brown, (Ed.), Reweaving the FamilyTapestry, NY, Norton. James, K., 1989. When Twos Are Really Threes: The Triangular Dance in Couple Conflict, .ANZJFT, 10, 3: 179^189. James, K., 1992. Why Feminists Have Become Interested in Psycho- analysis, Journal of Feminist FamilyTherapy, 4, 3^4. Kerr, M., and Bowen, M., 1988. Family Evaluation: An Approach Based on BowenTheory, NY, Norton. Kerr, M., 1991. Living The Theory, The Family Therapy Networker, March^April: 39^40. Lederer, GS, and Lewis, J., 1991. The Transition to Couplehood. In F. Herz Brown, (Ed.), Reweaving the FamilyTapestry, NY, Norton. Lerner, H., 1983. Female Dependency in Context: Some Theoretical and Technical Considerations, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 53: 697^705. Lerner, H., 1988.The Dance of Anger, NY, Harper & Row. Lerner, H., 1990.The Dance of Intimacy, NY, Harper & Row. Lerner, H., 1993.The Dance of Deception, NY, Harper & Row. Luepnitz, D., 1988. The Family Interpreted: Psychoanalysis, Feminism and FamilyTherapy, NY, Basic Books. McGoldrick, M., Pearce, J. and Giordano J., (Eds), 1982. Ethnicity and FamilyTherapy, NY, Guilford. McGoldrick, M. and Gerson, R., 1985. Genograms in Family Assessment, NY, Norton. McGoldrick, M., Anderson, C. and Walsh, F., (Eds), 1988. Women in Families, NY, Norton. McGoldrick, M. and Walsh, F. (Eds), 1991. Living Beyond Loss, NY, Norton. McGoldrick, M., 1995.You Can Go Home Again, NY, Norton. Minuchin, S., 1974. Families & FamilyTherapy, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press. Quadrio, C., 1986. Analysis and System: A Marriage, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 18: 184^187. Schnarch, D., 1991. Constructing the Sexual Crucible, NY, Norton. Schnarch, D., 1997. Passionate Marriage, NY, Norton. Toman, W., 1961. Family Constellation, NY, Springer. 3rd rev. edn, 1976. Wylie, M. Sykes., 1991. Family Therapy's Neglected Prophet,The Family Therapy Networker, March^April: 25^37. Young, P., 1991. Families with Adolescents. In F. Herz Brown, Reweav- ingThe FamilyTapestry, NY, Norton. Acknowledgment The author wishes to thank Kerrie James for ideas helpful in the writing of this article. CALLING ALL BOWENIANS!! Jenny Brown would like to know who the other therapists are in Australia and New Zealand who are influenced by Bowen. Bowenians in Oz tend to feel very isolated. Contact Jenny at 2 Oswald St Mosman NSW 2088, djkbrown@ozemail.com.au ANZJ Fam. Ther., 1999, Vol. 20, No. 2 103
EDUCATION UPDATE
Fundamentals of theory and practice revisited www.psychspace.com心理学空间网
CASE EXAMPLE
The Barret family were referred for family therapy by the individual therapist ofthe sixteen year old anorectic daughter,Tanya.Tanya had been hospitalised by her doctor the previous month when her weight levels were considered life threatening.To date the family had not been involved in her treatment but were now feeling that they could no longer remain on the sidelines when the risk levels were so high. Hospitalisation had also intensified family reactivity, with Tanya blaming her father for allowing her freedom to be taken away, both parents feeling angry that she could allow herself to fall so low, and her nineteen year old sister questioning how Tanya could put her family through so much worry.
Stage one: Calming the system
When a family member is exhibiting life threatening symptoms, it is not realistic to expect that anxiety can be lowered to non reactive levels. In the case of the Barret family my goal was to take the focus away fromTanya's weight sufficiently to enable the family to explore each of their roles in the anxious family patterns.The other systems involved in her treatment were framed as providing her with support and monitoring the risk of her symptoms. She received individual therapy where the therapist focused on supporting her through adoles- cent life cycle tasks. Her doctor was responsible for monitoring her medical condition and weight gain. Family sessions could therefore concentrate on family process in dealing withTanya's eating patterns.
Stage two: Nuclear family issues
Locating the presenting problem in the broader family context re- vealed that the family was in the process of negotiating some signifi- cant changes. Around the onset of Tanya's pronounced weight loss, her older sister, Roslyn, had moved away from home to begin medical studies at university. Roslyn had previously been considered the rebel of the family but was now clearly labelled as the `golden girl' who would make them all proud with her academic success. Family roles and the theme of economic success were identified. Mr. Barret had recently received a promotion which necessitated moving to another city. Mrs. Barret had left her job as a nurse and had not been work- ing for the nine months following the family move. Gender themes were becoming evident asTanya spoke of how personally she was iden- tifying with her mother's loss of professional role. While there were numerous family changes that could inform hypotheses about her symptoms, my primary focus was the operation of family triangles in dealing with anxiety. Tanya expressed her triangled role in her parents'issues as she spoke about their emotional life. She described the stress of her father's work and reported passionately on her mother's loss of status since giving up her nursing job. She perceived her mother's life as empty, and she herself felt similarly empty and directionless.
The fusion in nuclear family relationships was striking, with family members reacting to either comfort or criticise each other. During the sessions, the six year old daughter Liz passed tissues to those who looked upset, or distracted by using puppets from the play box to bring some humour into the room. I reflected to the family just how closely `wired' to each other's feelings they all were and how readily they seemed to switch from their own issues to focus on the emotional intensity of others. Questions were asked that encouraged an awareness of this fusion, for example:
[ToTanya]. `I know you've become an expert at being the emo- tional voice for your parents but what would you say, just this once, if you could speak for your own needs?'
[To Mr. Barret].`Do you have any sense of when you first started to takeTanya's symptoms so personally--as if they were directed at hurting you?'
Mrs. Barret spoke of how their eldest daughter Roslyn had complained of feeling suffocated by being at home and how they had hardly seen her during her last few years of high school.When Roslyn was at home her relationship with her father had been highly con- flictual. Now that she was at medical school Mr. Barret spoke of how proud they all were of her. He had tears in his eyes as he spoke of how Roslyn now had the chance to achieve what he had not been able to. Each of the children, to varying degrees, appeared to be triangled into their parents'emotional issues. While Roslyn and Liz were currently occupying symptom-free roles in diffusing parental anxiety,Tanya seemed stuck in a symptom-focused dance with her parents'neediness.
Nuclear family triangles were tracked around family members' responses to Tanya's eating patterns. A typical sequence would be Mrs. Barret watchingTanya's eating behaviour closely, with Tanya becoming increasingly withdrawn. Mrs. Barret would accuseTanya of bingeing and purging, with the latter responding in tears, saying that nobody in the family would trust her. Mr. Barret who had been hearing a daily account of his wife's suspicions, would begin yelling at Tanya, saying what a disappointment she was to him. Mrs. Barret would feel sorry for her daughter and move closer in support. At this point, when Tanya's symptoms threatened to increase distance and tension in the marriage, Mrs. Barret would suggest ways to her husband and daughter about how they could make up. Tanya con- tinued to refuse to eat with the family but would set up a joint outing for herself and her Dad.
Stage 3: Expanding the view to previous generations
While seeking to draw out the repetitive patterns in the current family experience, I also look for ways to connect present tensions to multigenerational themes.
Exploration of both parents' family of origin revealed potent themes that fed into the intense struggle of the nuclear family triangle betweenTanya, her fatherand her mother.While ever Mr Barret and Mrs Barret could worry about her, they did not have to address the relationship disappointments that they had hoped would be mended through their marriage.
A key task of ongoing therapy was to help the parents separate these unresolved family of origin issues from their interactions with Tanya. Both parents had been in the same middle child position as Tanya, which had intensified their identification with her. Reflecting on their own adolescence and their relationship with their parents helped Mr Barret and Mrs Barretto assume a more objective stance towards their daughter. Mrs Barret was able to stop herself encour- aging Tanya to look after her father following an argument. Mrs Barret was also able to see how her striving to create a different relationship from the distant and critical one she had with her own mother was getting in the way of her being able to set any limits with Tanya. Mr Barret was able to start viewingTanya as a separate person from himself or his father and was thus more able to notice her unique strengths. This shift was a particularly painful journey for Mr Barret, who recounted his memories of his alcoholic father, who had died in an emaciated state after choking on his own vomit. The parallel toTanya's symptoms helped to make sense of his intense reactivity in their relationship.
Tanya was able to hear that herparents'reactions were more about where they had come from than about what kind of a daughter she was. During therapy she struggled to cope with the shift in family patterns. She was excluded from the triangle with her parents where she had occupied a pivotal role in helping to regulate their closeness. To assist with this shift, some sessions were held with her and her older sister Roslyn, so that the sisters could establish a connection as young adults sharing similar life cycle tasks, rather than being their parents'caretakers. A couple of months down the track, she mentioned that she had been writing to Roslyn and that they were sharing information about boyfriends that their parents were not privy to.
After about five months of therapy, her weight had increased to a level which put her out of the medical risk category. At this time Mr Barret and Mrs Barret felt that they wanted to focus on some of their own family of origin issues as a couple and individually.Tanya was busy rehearsing for a school play in which she had the female lead, so she asked if she could take a break from family sessions and let her parents come on their own.
CONCLUSION
At a time when family therapy is rediscovering its psychoanalytic roots (Quadrio, 1986; Luepnitz, 1988; Flaskas, 1993; James, 1992), it is important to be clear about the distinctions between psychodynamic and Bowenian approaches. While both models are compre- hensive in accounting for many aspects of human experi- ence, the essential difference is that Bowen's focus is not the intrapsychic experience of the individual. It focuses on the structure and workings of the system so that the individual can forge a different systemic role. While in psychoanalysis, self understanding comes through the vehicle of the therapist^client relationship, in Bowenian therapy it comes from the between-session, planned action of the `self in the system'.
In giving an overview of Bowen's model, this paper risks oversimplifying its in-depth formulation of family process. My aim has been to summarise Bowen's core concepts and to give a flavour of how these influence the focus of therapy. One needs to be mindful however, of potential pitfalls when using a family of origin model. Bowen's focus on the distant to solve the proximate may take families on therapeutic paths which go beyond their request for the shortest possible road to symptom relief. Without recent significant socio-political additions, Bowen's theory decontextualises relationship patterns that are powerfully informed by gender, ethnicity and class.
Those who adhere to a Bowenian framework speak of the appeal of its attention to complex family patterns in both vertical and horizontal time. Perhaps what is most distinctive about Bowen's theory amongst systemic thera- pies, is that it directs therapists to consider their own roles in their families of origin so that they can person- ally experience the theory in order to appreciate its clinical application.
References
Bograd, M., 1987. Enmeshment: Fusion or Relatedness: A Conceptual Analysis, Journal of Psychotherapy and the Family, 3, 4: 65^80. Bowen, M., 1966. The Use of Family Theory in Clinical Practice, Com- prehensive Psychiatry, 7: 345^374. In M. Bowen, 1978 (see below). Bowen, M., 1971. Family Therapy and Family Group Therapy. In H. Kaplan and B. Sadok, (Eds), Comprehensive Group Psychotherapy, Baltimore, Williams and Wilkins: 384^421. Repr. in M. Bowen, 1978 (see below). Bowen, M., 1971a. Principles and Techniques of Multiple Family Therapy. In J. Bradt and C. Moynihan, (Eds), Systems Theory, [no publisher stated] Washington, DC. Repr. in M. Bowen, 1978 (see below). Bowen, M., 1972. On the Differentiation of Self. First published anonymously in J. Framo, (Ed.), Family Interaction: A Dialogue Between Family Researchers and FamilyTherapists, NY, Springer: 111^173. Repr. in M. Bowen, 1978 (see below). Bowen, M., 1975. Family Therapy After Twenty Years. In S. Arieti, (Ed.), American Handbook of Psychiatry, Vol 5, 2nd edn, NY, Basic Books. Repr. in M. Bowen, 1978 (see below). Bowen, M., 1978. Family Therapy in Clinical Practice, NY and London, Jason Aronson. Carter, E., 1991, My Reluctant Ancestor,The Family Therapy Networker, March^April: 40^41. Carter, E., 1992. Techniques to Help the Therapist to Include the Socio-Cultural Context in CouplesTherapy. Unpublished handout, Family Institute of Westchester. Carter, E. and McGoldrick, M., (Eds), 1980. The Family Life Cycle: A Framework for FamilyTherapy, NY, Gardner Press. Carter, E. and McGoldrick, M., (Eds), 1988.The Changing Family Life Cycle, 2nd edn. NY, Gardner Press. Carter, E. and McGoldrick M., 1991. `Foreword'. In F. Herz Brown, (Ed.), Reweaving the FamilyTapestry, NY and London, Norton. Carter, E. (and Peters, J.), 1996. Love, Honour and Negotiate, NY, Pocket Books. Carter, E., 1988, with Walters, M., Papp, P., and Silverstein, O. The Invisible Web, Gender Patterns in Family Relationships, NY, Guilford. Flaskas, C., 1993. On the Project of Using Psychoanalytic Ideas in Systemic Therapy: A Discussion Paper, ANZJFT 14, 1: 9^15. Goodnow, KK and Lim, MG, 1997. Bowenian Theory in Appli- cation: A Case Study, Journal of Family Psychotherapy, 8, 1: 33^41. Guerin, P., 1976. FamilyTherapy,Theory and Practice, NY, Gardner Press. Guerin, P., Fay, L., Burden, S. and Kautto, J., 1987.The Evaluation and Treatment of Marital Conflict, NY, Basic Books. Guerin, P., Fogarty, T., Fay, L. and Kautto, J., 1996. Working with RelationshipTriangles, NY, London, Guilford. Hare-Mustin, R., 1978. A Feminist Approach to Family Therapy, Family Process 17: 181^194. Herz Brown, F., 1991. The Model. In F. Herz Brown, (Ed.), Reweaving the FamilyTapestry, NY, Norton. James, K., 1989. When Twos Are Really Threes: The Triangular Dance in Couple Conflict, .ANZJFT, 10, 3: 179^189. James, K., 1992. Why Feminists Have Become Interested in Psycho- analysis, Journal of Feminist FamilyTherapy, 4, 3^4. Kerr, M., and Bowen, M., 1988. Family Evaluation: An Approach Based on BowenTheory, NY, Norton. Kerr, M., 1991. Living The Theory, The Family Therapy Networker, March^April: 39^40. Lederer, GS, and Lewis, J., 1991. The Transition to Couplehood. In F. Herz Brown, (Ed.), Reweaving the FamilyTapestry, NY, Norton. Lerner, H., 1983. Female Dependency in Context: Some Theoretical and Technical Considerations, American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 53: 697^705. Lerner, H., 1988.The Dance of Anger, NY, Harper & Row. Lerner, H., 1990.The Dance of Intimacy, NY, Harper & Row. Lerner, H., 1993.The Dance of Deception, NY, Harper & Row. Luepnitz, D., 1988. The Family Interpreted: Psychoanalysis, Feminism and FamilyTherapy, NY, Basic Books. McGoldrick, M., Pearce, J. and Giordano J., (Eds), 1982. Ethnicity and FamilyTherapy, NY, Guilford. McGoldrick, M. and Gerson, R., 1985. Genograms in Family Assessment, NY, Norton. McGoldrick, M., Anderson, C. and Walsh, F., (Eds), 1988. Women in Families, NY, Norton. McGoldrick, M. and Walsh, F. (Eds), 1991. Living Beyond Loss, NY, Norton. McGoldrick, M., 1995.You Can Go Home Again, NY, Norton. Minuchin, S., 1974. Families & FamilyTherapy, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press. Quadrio, C., 1986. Analysis and System: A Marriage, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 18: 184^187. Schnarch, D., 1991. Constructing the Sexual Crucible, NY, Norton. Schnarch, D., 1997. Passionate Marriage, NY, Norton. Toman, W., 1961. Family Constellation, NY, Springer. 3rd rev. edn, 1976. Wylie, M. Sykes., 1991. Family Therapy's Neglected Prophet,The Family Therapy Networker, March^April: 25^37. Young, P., 1991. Families with Adolescents. In F. Herz Brown, Reweav- ingThe FamilyTapestry, NY, Norton. Acknowledgment The author wishes to thank Kerrie James for ideas helpful in the writing of this article. CALLING ALL BOWENIANS!! Jenny Brown would like to know who the other therapists are in Australia and New Zealand who are influenced by Bowen. Bowenians in Oz tend to feel very isolated. Contact Jenny at 2 Oswald St Mosman NSW 2088, djkbrown@ozemail.com.au ANZJ Fam. Ther., 1999, Vol. 20, No. 2 103
EDUCATION UPDATE
Fundamentals of theory and practice revisited www.psychspace.com心理学空间网
