THE BRITISH OBJECT RELATIONS SCHOOL: W. R. D. FAIRBAIRN
作者: Mitchell / 22354次阅读 时间: 2012年11月25日
来源: Freud and Beyond 标签: FAIRBAIRN Fairbairn 精神分析 客体关系
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.GoCEu;G0The Splitting of the Ego 费尔贝恩的分析情景

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hV[4R_L5_0A child with depressed parents, detached parents, or narcissistically absorbed parents might begin to experience depression, detachment, narcissistic self-absorption in herself, through which she gains a sense of connection to the inaccessible sectors of the parents personalities. It is not at all uncommon for patients in the process of overcoming their own most painful affective states to feel they are losing touch with the parents as internal presences. As they begin to feel happier, they also feel somehow more alone, until they can trust in their growing capacity to make new, less painful connections with others.心理学空间6R2| s ] g

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Because all of us have had less than ideal parenting, Fairbairn presumes a universal splitting of the ego. The child, in Fairbairn's system, becomes like the unresponsive features of the parents: depressed, isolated, masochistic, bullying, and so on. It is through the absorption of these pathological character traits that he feels connected to the parent, who is unavailable in other ways. This internalization of the parents also necessarily creates a split in the ego: part of the self remains directed toward the real parents in the external world, seeking actual responses from them; part of the self is redirected toward the illusory parents as internal objects to which it is bound.心理学空间8~ ?-mR#bw6{+P4E

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Once the experiences with the parents have been split and internalized, a further split takes place, Fairbairn felt, between the alluring, promising features of the parents (theexciting object) and the frustrating, disappointing features (the rejecting object). For Charles, for example, his parents' hidden affectivity had two dimensions: their sadness and emotionality, which he longed to reach and share with them, and their distance, the closed doors (with his mother), the darkness (with his father). In Fairbairn's system, the longed-for emotionality is shaped into the exciting object, and the inevitable distance is shaped into the "rejecting object."

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$Sej2R_:x!Q0The ego becomes correspondingly further split according to the split in internal objects. Part of the ego is bound to the exciting object, the part of the self that experiences perpetual longing and hope. Fairbairn terms this sector of the self thelibidinal ego. Part of the ego is identified with the心理学空间?R1mmxiO z`1f

rejecting object, the part of the self that is angry and hateful, despising vulnerability and need. Fairbairn terms this sector of the self theanti-libidinal ego. The hostility of the anti-libidinal ego is directed toward the libidinal ego and the exciting object, both of which, from the perspective of the antilibidinal ego, are misguided and dangerous.

W E6Pb6a.E5H"o0Jane, an extremely isolated and tormented young woman suffering from severe anxiety, depression, and bulimia, was discussed briefly in chapter 4. She reported during a session subsequent to one in which the analyst had said some things that seemed very helpful to her that she had felt pleased but then, almost immediately on leaving the earlier session, very frightened.

/Dd+V!Y*\0On her way home she had bought a huge bag of cookies, which she devoured and then made herself throw up. This purging emptied her out and calmed her down; it was as if the analyst's interpretations were buried under and then evacuated with the sugary mess.

7iMm'~0x)H9^)F(n0The inquiry into this and similar experiences revealed an internal antagonism and conflict between two very different ways of experiencing her relationship with the analyst. When she felt the analyst really was able to offer her something, which didn't happen until many months into their work together, she felt a great upsurge of hope and longing. This state of mind quickly began to seem extremely dangerous to her. She began to feel that she had been duped by the analyst as seducer. How could she have been so gullible to believe the analyst would really be able to help her? Hadn't she learned over and over throughout her life that hopes are always crushed, longings always painfully disappointed? She began to hate both the analyst with his promise of help and the part of herself that was susceptible to such promises. The cookies were the means through which she was able to bury, smother, and void the connection between her hopeful, gullible self and the alluring but ultimately disappointing analyst. As this internal drama became articulated and developed, she recognized the hateful, embittered part of herself, the avenger with the Oreos, as a familiar one--the warden, she called it. It was as if she lived in a prison, cut off from human contact. The warden knew she was much safer in the prison. She would sometimes strain against the bars, wishing for more freedom in the world of other people, more contact, but ultimately she felt the warden knew best, knew how dangerous and treacherous the world of other people really is.

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To translate these experiences into Fairbairn's terminology: The prison represents Jane's internal object world, in which she remains trapped but safe. The prisoner represents her libidinal ego, longing for greater freedom and contact (in these sessions embodied in the analyst as exciting object); the warden represents her anti-libidinal ego, identified with and hardened by chronic disappointment with and rejection by her parents. Because of his penchant for schematization and new terminology, Fairbairn's concepts of fragmented egos and internal objects are easy to misunderstand. He was not speaking of little homunculi "inside" the mind. Nor was he speaking simply of fantasies or images (what the ego psychologists termrepresentations). Although most of us experience ourselves as a single, continuous self, Fairbairn envisioned people as actually structured into multiple, subtly discontinuous self-organizations, different versions of ourselves with particular characteristics and points of view. Each of us shapes his relationships according to the patterns internalized from his earliest significant relationships. The modes of connection with

R{J0r,n'dGzEv;f0early objects become the preferred modes of connection with new objects. Another way to describe the repetitiveness of patterns in human relations is to say that each of us projects his internal object relationships onto new interpersonal situations. New love objects are chosen for their similarity to bad (unsatisfying) objects in the past; new partners are interacted with in a way that provokes old, expected behaviors; new experiences are interpreted as if they fulfilled old expectations. It is because of this cyclical projection of old patterns and the reinternalization of self-fulfilling prophecies that character and disturbances in interpersonal relations are so difficult to change.www.psychspace.com心理学空间网
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