Frustration-Aggression Hypothesis:Examination and Reformulation
Leonard Berkowitz
University of Wisconsin--Madison
Examines the Dollard et al. (1939) frustration-aggression hypothesis. The original formulation'smain proposition is limited to interference with an expected attainment of a desired goal on hostile(emotional) aggression. Although some studies have yielded negative results, others support the coreproposition. Frustrations can create aggressive inclinations even when they are not arbitrary oraimed at the subject personally. Interpretations and attributions can be understood partly in termsof the original analysis but they can also influence the unpleasantness of the thwarting. A proposedrevision of the 1939 model holds that frustrations generate aggressive inclinations to the degree thatthey arouse negative affect. Evidence regarding the aggressive consequences of aversive events isreviewed, and Berkowitz's cognitive-neoassociationistic model is summarized.
Psychological Bulletin1989, Vol. 106, No. 1, 59-73
Copyright 1989 by the American Psychological Association, the.0033-2909/89
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