墨顿·吉尔(1983,1992) Gill, Merton M.抛弃了弗洛伊德的元心理学，用释义的(解释的)科学和社会建构论(认为人类的意义是由参与者建构的科学)取代了它。这是向解释的转变，在解释中，没有哪种唯一的解释是正确的或真实的；最好的解释就是在当时最一致的解释。吉尔赞同，移情和反移情是由分析家和分析对象共同建构的。分析家和病人将他们自己的社会历史经验、意识和潜意识经验带到分析过程之中，对每一对双边关系(分析家分析对象)来说，这些经验以双方的独特方式交互作用。每个人都塑造他人，同时又被他人塑造。在他们之间的交往过程产生了主体间性的领域。这是与个人心理学(a one-person psychology) (内心的)相补充的二人心理学(a two-person psychology) (人际之间的倒退和移情) ，个人心理学由每个个体的个人经验构成，这些经验包括对个体带到主体间性领域的外部条件的内化。分析家不应该确定什么是歪曲的或是象征性的，而是要试图理解分析对象的观点怎样才是对分析家行为的合理反应。
Merton M. Gill, Lester B. Luborsky, and Erik H. Erikson, 1954.
吉尔认为，婴儿的先天驱力要比社会交互作用更早地发挥作用；但它们仍是个人心理学的一部分，也与环境交互作用( Silverman ,1996) 。自我、关系以及性和攻击的动机是在解释学意义上的肉体的——而不像弗洛伊德假设的那样是机械概念的肉体的。分析家在他的分析中必须包括阉割焦虑、两性俱有等躯体感受，作为分析家和分析对象建构彼此心理现实的过程的一部分。
吉尔反对科赫特的自身心理学及其对共情的使用，因为它假设了一些共情所指向的关于病人的绝对知识。吉尔认为，沙利文(p.149)的主要不足是忽视了内部的对象关系，而暗地里强调人格是"不断发展中的社会关系"( p.539) 。他断言，沙利文的另一个缺点是忽视了身体的作用。沙利文反对生物物理学的解释，并用主观经验取而代之，使精神病学成为对人与人之间关系的研究。
Gill, Merton M. 1973. Introduction to George Klein's "Two theories or one?" Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic 37: 99-102.
Gill, Merton M. 1976. Metapsychology is not psychology. In Psychology versus Metapsychology: Essays in Memory of George S. Klein. Edited by M. M. Gill &. P. S. Holzman. New York: International Universities Press.
Gill, Merton M. 1983. The point of view of psychoanalysis: Energy discharge or person? Psychoanalysis and Contemporary Thought 6:523-51.
Gill, Merton M. 1992. Merton Gill speaks his mind. International Journal of Communicative Psychoanalysis and Psychiatry 7:27-33
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Merton M. Gill, Psychoanalyst, Is Dead at 80
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By LAWRENCE VAN GELDER
Published: November 19, 1994
Merton Max Gill, an academic psychoanalyst, died on Sunday at Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center in Chicago. Dr. Gill, who lived in Chicago, was 80 years old.
The cause was kidney failure, said Dr. Boris M. Astrachan, head of the department of psychiatry at the University of Illinois at Chicago.
Dr. Gill, professor emeritus at the university, was also a supervising analyst at the Chicago Institute for Psychoanalysis and the Chicago Center of Psychoanalysis. He achieved prominence as a teacher and theoretician who discussed fundamental matters like the nature of psychoanalysis as a therapy and as a subject for systematic observation and research.
Early in his career, Dr. Gill took part in a study of the initial interview in psychiatric practice, and in his later years investigated how the analyst was perceived by the patient.
He was the author or co-author of about 50 articles and several books, including the recently published "Psychoanalysis in Transition: A Personal View" (The Analytic Press).
He was also the recipient of numerous awards, among them the Menninger Prize of the American Psychoanalytic Association, the Heinz Hartman Prize of the New York Psychoanalytic Society and the Hans Loewald Memorial Award of the International Federation for Psychoanalytic Education. He has been named a 1994 winner of the Mary Sigourney Award for lifetime achievement in psychoanalysis.
Dr. Gill, who was born in Chicago, received his medical degree in 1938 from the University of Chicago. He worked at the Menninger Clinic in Topeka, Kan., and at the Austen Riggs Center in Stockbridge, Mass., before joining the faculty of Yale University in 1950 and becoming an associate professor of psychiatry.
From 1953 to 1963 he had a private practice in Berkeley, Calif., and from 1963 to 1969 he was a professor of psychiatry at the State University of New York Downstate Medical Center. Later, he was a special fellow in psychology at the National Institute of Mental Health Research Center for Mental Health in New York before becoming a professor of psychiatry at the University of Illinois in 1971. He retired in 1989.
In addition his wife, Dr. Ilse Judas, Dr. Gill is survived by two daughters, Emmy Garnica of Cardiff by the Sea, Calif., and Deborah Fitzpatrick of Woodacre, Calif.; three sons, Kim, of San Francisco, Ben, of La Verne, Calif., and Rod, of Brooklyn; two brothers, Robert, of Rancho Bernardo, Calif., and Norman, of Milwaukee, and five grandchildren.
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