Constructions in analysis (1937d), S.E., XXIII, 257-269.
班鸠、吴张彰译
I
It has always seemed to me to be greatly to the credit of a certain well-known man of science that he treated psycho-analysis fairly at a time when most other people felt themselves under no such obligation.
一直以来，我似乎总是很感谢一个知名的科学人士的信誉，他每次都公正地看待精神分析，当大多数人都认为他们没有这个义务时。
On one occasion, nevertheless, he gave expression to an opinion upon analytic technique which was at once derogatory and unjust.
然而，在一个场合，他表达了一个关于精神分析技术的观点，这个观点当即变成了贬损的和不公正的。
He said that in giving interpretations to a patient we treat him upon the famous principle of ‘Heads I win, tails you lose’.¹ That is to say, if the patient agrees with us, then the interpretation is right; but if he contradicts us, that is only a sign of his resistance, which again shows that we are right.
他说，在给病人解释时，我们依靠“开头我赢，结尾你输”这个著名的原则治疗他。那就是说，如果病人同意我们，那么这个解释是正确，但是如果他否定我们，那仅仅是他的阻抗的标志，再次地，这个阻抗表明了我们是正确的。
In this way we are always in the right against the poor helpless wretch whom we are analysing, no matter how he may respond to what we put forward. Now, since it is in fact true that a ‘No’ from one of our patients is not as a rule enough to make us abandon an interpretation as incorrect, a revelation such as this of the nature of our technique has been most welcome to the opponents of analysis.
以这样的方式，在对抗这个我们正在分析的可怜的无助的人时，不管他如何回应我们提出的东西，我们总是正确的。现在，来自我们的病人的一个“不”通常不足以让我们把一个解释当做不正确的而抛弃，因为这个事实，所以一个对我们的技术的性质的揭露，比如这个，是最受精神分析的对手欢迎的。
It is therefore worth while to give a detailed account of how we are accustomed to arrive at an assessment of the ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ of our patients during analytic treatment - of their expression of agreement or of denial. The practising analyst will naturally learn nothing in the course of this apologia that he does not know already.
因此，给出一个详细的关于“在精神分析治疗中，我们如何习惯地去达成一个对我们的病人的“是”或“否”的评估—他们的同意或者否定的表达”的评估的描述，是很值得的。在这份他还不知道的辩解文的过程中，开业的分析家将不会了解到任何东西。
It is familiar ground that the work of analysis aims at inducing the patient to give up the repressions(using the word in the widest sense) belonging to his early development and to replace them by reactions of a sort that would correspond to a psychically mature condition.
精神分析这项工作的目的在于引导病人放弃属于他早期发展的压抑（用这个广泛意义上的词），而采用一种符合心理成熟的条件的反应来代替这些压抑。这是熟悉的地方。
With this purpose in view he must be brought to recollect certain experiences and the affective impulses called up by them which he has for the time being forgotten.
从这个目的来考虑，他（病人）必须被引导回忆起一些确定的经历和这些经历所唤起的他一直忘记了的情感冲动。
We know that his present symptoms and inhibitions are the consequences of repressions of this kind: thus that they are a substitute for these things that he has forgotten
我们知道，他现在的症状和抑制是这种压抑的结果。因此，这些症状和抑制是那些他忘记了的东西的代替品。
What sort of material does he put at our disposal which we can make use of to put him on the way to recovering the lost memories?
在这些我们能够用来恢复他失去的记忆的处理中，他表达了什么样的材料？
All kinds of things. He gives us fragments of these memories in his dreams, invaluable in themselves but seriously distorted as a rule by all the factors concerned in the formation of dreams.
各种各样的东西。在他的梦中，他给我们这些（忘记的）记忆的碎片，这些是对他们自己来说极其珍贵的、但通常被与梦之形成有关的因素严重扭曲的碎片。
Again, he produces ideas, if he gives himself up to ‘free association’, in which
we can discover allusions to the repressed experiences and derivatives of the suppressed affective impulses as well as of the reactions against them
如果他可以让自己处于自由联想的状态中，而在其中我们能够发现，对被压抑的经历和被抑制的情感冲动的派生物也就是对抗这些情感冲动的反应的提及，那么再次地，他就产生了思想。
And, finally, there are hints of repetitions of the affects belonging to the repressed material to be found in actions performed by the patient, some fairly important, some trivial, both inside and outside the analytic situation
最后，存在一些附属于被压抑的材料的重复出现的情绪反应的线索。这些线索，一些相当重要，一些不重要，都将在病人所表现的行动中，在分析情境中和分析情境外，被发现。
Our experience has shown that the relation of transference, which becomes established towards the analyst, is particularly calculated to favour the return of these emotional connections
我们的经验已经表明这种明确地指向分析师的移情的关系是特别地适合帮助这些情感关系的回归。
It is out of such raw material - if we may so describe it - that we have to put together what we are in search of
它是在如此原始的材料之外的—如果我们可以这样描述它—以至于我们不得不把我们所要追寻的东西放到一起。
What we are in search of is a picture of the patient’s forgotten years that shall be alike trustworthy and in all essential respects complete.
我们所要追寻的是一张病人忘记了的岁月的图像，这张图像应该是同样地可靠的和包括了所有必要的方面的完整图像。
But at this point we are reminded that the work of analysis consists of two quite different portions, that it is carried on in two separate localities, that it involves two people, to each of whom a distinct task is assigned
但是在这一点上，我想起分析这项工作是由两个很不相同的部分组成的，是在两个分离的位置上继续的，它牵涉了两个人，他们中每一个人都被指定了一个不同的任务。
It may for a moment seem strange that such a fundamental fact should not have been pointed out long ago; but it will immediately be perceived that there was nothing being in this, that it is a fact which is universally known and, as it were,self-evident and is merely being brought into relief here and separately examined for a particular purpose.
有那么一会，我们可能会觉得奇怪，很久以前，这样的一个基本事实不应该被指出来。但是将会很快地被察觉：在这点中过去什么都没有，并且它是一个众所周知的事实，因为它曾是不证自明的，在这里它仅仅是被鲜明地凸显出来和为了一个特殊的目的被分开地检查。
We all know that the person who is being analysed has to be induced to remember something that has been experienced by him and repressed; and the dynamic determinants of this process are so interesting that the other portion of the work, the task performed by the analyst, has been pushed into the background
我们都知道，接受分析的人必须要被引导去回忆某件他经历过的并被压抑了的事情；但是这些分析过程中的动态的决定因素是如此地让人感兴趣，以至于分析的另一部分的工作，由分析家执行的任务，被推到了背景里面。
The analyst has neither experienced nor repressed any of the material under consideration; his task cannot be to remember anything. What then is his task?
分析家既没有体验过也没有压抑任何在考虑之中的材料，他的任务不会是去记所有的东西。那么，他的任务是什么呢？
His task is to make out what has been forgotten from the traces which it has left behind or, more correctly,to construct it.
他的任务是从（被压抑的材料）落下的痕迹中辨认出被忘记了的东西，或者更正确地建构它。
The time and manner in which he conveys his constructions to the person who is being analysed, as well as the explanations with which he accompanies them, constitute the link between the two portions of the work of analysis, between his own part and that of the patient.
分析家向正在被分析的人传达他的建构的时机和方式以及他传达时附带的说明，组成了分析工作的两个部分即他自己的角色和病人的角色之间的纽带。
His work of construction, or, if it is preferred, of reconstruction, resembles to a great extent an archaeologist’s excavation of some dwelling-place that has been destroyed and buried or of some ancient edifice
如果这是优先的，他建构或者重新建构的工作很大程度上类似于一个考古学家对被毁坏并被掩埋的住所或古代大型建筑物的挖掘。
The two processes are in fact identical, except that the analyst works under better conditions and has more material at his command to assist him, since what he is dealing with is not something destroyed but something that is still alive - and perhaps for another reason as well
这两个工作的过程实际上是一样的，除了分析家在更好的条件下工作，并且在他的控制下有更多的材料来帮助他，因为他所处理的不是被毁坏的某个东西而是仍然有活力的某物—也许还因为另一个原因。
But just as the archaeologist builds up the walls of the building from the foundations that have remained standing, determines the number and position of the columns from depressions in the floor and reconstructs the mural decorations and paintings from the remains found in the debris, so does the analyst proceed when he draws his inferences from the fragments of memories, from the associations and from the behaviour of the subject of the analysis.
但是，正如同考古学家从还直立的房基上建造建筑物的墙垒，从地上的低洼里确定塔器的号码和位置，从被发现的残骸中重新构建墙体的装饰物和图画，当分析家从记忆碎片中，从联想中以及分析的主体的行为中建构他的推论时，他也这样开始（他的工作）。
Both of them have an undisputed right to reconstruct by means of supplementing and combining the surviving remains. Both of them, moreover,are subject to many of the same difficulties and sources of error.
他们都有一个无可争辩的权利，并通过利用一些补充物与结合依然存在的残骸去重新建构。此外，他们都共同受制于很多相同的困难和错误的根源。
One of the most ticklish problems that confronts the archaeologist is notoriously the determination of the relative age of his finds; and if an object makes its appearance in some particular level, it often remains to be decided whether it belongs to that level or whether it was carried down to that level owing to some subsequent disturbance
众所周知，考古学家所遭遇的最难的问题之一，就是测定他所发现的东西的相对年代，而如果一个物体的外观处于某个特殊的水平，通常，它仍旧会被测定是否处于那个水平或者因为某个后来的干扰因素而曾经处于那个水平。
It is easy to imagine the corresponding doubts that arise in the case of analytic constructions.
在分析的建构的案例中出现的相似的怀疑是容易想象的。
The analyst, as we have said, works under more favourable conditions than the archaeologist since he has at his disposal material which can have no counterpart in excavations, such as the repetitions of reactions dating from infancy and all that is indicated by the transference in connection with these repetitions
如同前面我们说的，与考古学家相比，分析家在更有利的条件下工作，因为在他的处理下他有材料，比如，可以追溯到婴儿期的反应的重复和所有通过与这些重复有关的移情表现出来的东西，而这些材料在考古学家的挖掘中是没有副本的。
But in addition to this it must be borne in mind that the excavator is dealing with destroyed objects of which large and important portions have quite certainly been lost, by mechanical violence,by fire and by plundering.
但是，除此之外，我们还必须考虑到挖掘者所处理的是被机械暴力、火灾和掠夺所毁坏的并且多数原有的重要部分已经失去的物体。
No amount of effort can result in their discovery and lead to their being
united with the surviving remains. The one and only course open is that of reconstruction, which for this reason can often reach only a certain degree of probability.
即使再大的努力也不能促成他们的发现，也不能促使这些幸存的遗骸结合到一起。这唯一的敞开的过程就是重新建构的过程。因为这个原因，重新建构通常只能达到某种可能的程度。
But it is different with the psychical object whose early history the analyst is seeking to recover. Here we are regularly met by a situation which with the archaeological object occurs only in such rare circumstances as those of Pompeii or of the tomb of Tut’ankhamun.
但是它不同于分析家所寻求恢复它早年历史的心理客体。在这里我们经常遇到这种情况，但是在考古学中，这种情况即考古学家所考察的物体重现的情形，是非常罕见的，比如庞培古城和图坦卡蒙古墓的重现。
All of the essentials are preserved; even things that seem completely forgotten are present somehow and somewhere, and have merely been buried and made inaccessible to the subject
所有的要素都是被保藏好的。实际上，那些似乎已经被彻底遗忘的、但仅仅被埋藏的、主体无法接近的东西会以某种方式在某个地方呈现出来。
Indeed, it may, as we know, be doubted whether any psychical structure can really be the victim of total destruction. It depends only upon analytic technique whether we shall succeed in bringing what is concealed completely to light.
确实，正如我们所知道的，是否所有的心理构造都真的可以成为整个的毁坏的受害者，这点也许值得怀疑。它（建构）仅仅取决于我们能否用分析技术把隐匿的的东西带到光明的地方。
There are only two other facts that weigh against the extraordinary advantage which is thus enjoyed by the work of analysis: namely, that psychical objects
are incomparably more complicated than the excavator’s material ones and that we have insufficient knowledge of what we may expect to find, since their finer structure contains so much that is still mysterious
只有两个另外的事实影响了分析工作中这个受人欣赏的独特优势，也就是说，心理的客体要比挖掘者的材料更为复杂得多，并且因为心理客体的出色构造包含了如此多的谜一样的东西，所以我们对所期望发现的东西还没拥有足够的认识。
But our comparison between the two forms of work can go no further than this; for the main difference between them lies in the fact that for the archaeologist the reconstruction is the aim and end of his endeavours while for analysis the construction is only a preliminary labour.
但是我们关于这两种工作形式比较还可以比这个更深入。因为他们之间主要的不同，在于这样一个事实：对于考古学家，重建是他竭尽努力的目标和结果，然而对于分析家，构建仅仅是一个初步的工作。
II
It is not, however, a preliminary labour in the sense that the whole of it must be completed before the next piece of work can be begun, as, for instance, is the case with house-building, where all the walls must be erected and all the windows inserted before the internal decoration of the rooms can be taken in hand
在下一块的工作能够开始之前，建构的全部工作必须完成，从这个意义上说，建构不是一个初步的工作。如同修建房子这个例子，在室内的装饰能够被容纳之前，所有的墙体必须被树立起来，所有的窗子必须被嵌入到墙体中。
Every analyst knows that things happen differently in an analytic treatment and that there both kinds of work are carried on side by side, the one kind being always a little ahead and the other following upon it
每个分析家都知道，在一个精神分析治疗中事情的发生是不同的，并且在那里两种工作是一起进行的，一种工作总是进展快一点而另一种工作紧跟着它。
The analyst finishes a piece of construction and communicates it to the subject of the analysis so that it may work upon him; he then constructs a further piece out of the fresh material pouring in upon him, deals with it in the same way and proceeds in this alternating fashion until the end.
分析家完成了一块建构，然后把这个建构传达给分析的主体以便能够对他起作用；然后在这个浇注于分析者的新鲜材料之外，他构建更深一步的一块，再用相同的方式处理它，最后以这种轮流的方式继续进行，直到结束。
If, in accounts of analytic technique, so little is said about ‘constructions’, that is because ‘interpretations’ and their effects are spoken of instead. But I think that ‘construction’ is by far the more appropriate description. ‘Interpretation’ applies to something that one does to some single element of the material, such as an association or a parapraxis.
如果在分析技术的描述里，关于建构的提及是如此的少，那是因为它被关于解释和解释的效果的描述所取代了。但是到目前为止，我想建构是更加适当的描述。“解释”适用于一个人产生单一的少量的材料，比如一个联想或者一个行为倒错。
But it is a ‘construction’ when one lays before the subject of the analysis a piece of his early history that he has forgotten, in some such way as this: ‘Up to your nth year you regarded yourself as the sole and unlimited possessor of your mother; then came another baby and brought you grave disillusionment.
但是，当一个人以某个这样的模式：“你把自己当成唯一的一个并且无限地拥有你的母亲，直到你的第N年，另一个孩子出生，带给了你重大的幻灭”；把一段他的早年的已经忘记的记忆放在分析的主题面前时，它就是一个建构。
Your mother left you for some time, and even after her reappearance she was never again devoted to you exclusively. Your feelings towards your mother became ambivalent, your father gained a new importance for you,’ . . . and so on.
你的母亲离开你一段时间，然后甚至在她重新出现之后，她不再像从前那样专一地奉献于你。你对你母亲的感觉变得矛盾了，你的父亲对你的重要性有些增强了……等等。
In the present paper our attention will be turned exclusively to this preliminary labour performed by constructions. And here, at the very start, the question arises of what guarantee we have while we are working on these constructions that we are not making mistakes and risking the success of the treatment by putting forward some construction that is incorrect. It may seem that no general reply can in my event be given to this question; but even before discussing it we may lend our ear to some comforting information that is afforded by analytic experience. For we learn from it that no damage is done if, for once in a way, we make a mistake and offer the patient a wrong construction as the probable historical truth. A waste of time is, of course, involved, and anyone who does nothing but present the patient with false combinations will neither create a very good impression on him nor carry the treatment very far; but a single mistake of the sort can do no harm. What in fact occurs in such an event is rather that the patient remains as though he were untouched by what has been said and reacts to it with neither a ‘Yes’ nor a ‘No’. This may possibly mean no more than that his reaction is postponed; but if nothing further develops we may conclude that we have made a mistake and we shall admit as much to the patient at some suitable opportunity without sacrificing any of our authority.Such an opportunity will arise when some new material has come to light which allows us to make a better construction and so to correct our error. In this way the false construction drops out, as if it had never been made; and, indeed, we often get an impression as though, to borrow the words of Polonius, our bait of falsehood had taken a carp of truth. The danger of our leading a patient astray by suggestion, by persuading him to accept things which we ourselves believe but which he ought not to, has certainly been enormously exaggerated. An analyst would have had to behave very incorrectly before such a misfortune could overtake him; above all, he would have to blame himself with not allowing his patients to have their say. I can assert without boasting that such an abuse of ‘suggestion’ has never occurred in my practice.
在如今的文献中，我们的注意力将被专门引向这个通过建构而做出的初步工作。在那里，在较开始的时候，当我们在这些建构之上进行（分析）工作时，我们并没有犯错，也没有为了治疗的成功而冒险做出一些错误建构。而我们所保证的问题出现了。在我的经历中，似乎没有一个一般的，可以针对这个问题的答复。但是在讨论它之前，我们可以让我们的耳朵去听一些由分析经验所提供的，令人欣慰的消息。我们能从这些消息中了解到，即使我们曾一度犯了错误，我们给患者提供了一个错误的建构作为一个可能的历史真相，那么这也是没有伤害的。当然，这涉及到时间的浪费，而且，每一个什么都不做，只是呈现给患者一些错误的连接（无意识与意识的连接），这样既不会给他留下一个好印象，也不会给他带来持久的疗效；但是，一个此类单独的错误并不会造成（对病人的）伤害。
在这种情况下事实会发生的是，患者停留在一种仿佛他没有被感触到的状态，没有被那些已经说出来的，并且无法对它用“是”或“否”来否的东西所感触到。那么这好像除了患者的反应是迟缓了，这可能没有别的意味了。但是如果（在患者身上）没有什么发展得更远，我们可以下结论说我们已经犯了一个错误，并且我们将要在一个合适的时机向患者坦白这些，这是不会牺牲我们任何权利的。
当一些新的，允许我们去做出更好的建构来修正我们的错误的材料进入光亮（意识）中时，机会就来临了。用这样的方法，错误的建构将脱落，就好像它从来没有被作出过。而且，的确，就像我们经常获得的一个印象，借用波隆尼尔的话，就是我们错误的诱饵已经钓到了真相的大鱼了。我们通过建议，说服患者去接受我们自己相信但患者他不应该相信的事物，这样而引导患者误入歧途的危险，确实被夸大了。在这样的厄运突然降临在一个分析家身上之前，他应该是做了错误的举动的。总体说来，他应该谴责自己，没有能让患者拥有他们自己的发言权。我宣称，这种对“建议”的滥用在我个人的实践中从未发生过，这可不是自吹自擂。
It already follows from what has been said that we are not at all inclined to neglect the indications that can be inferred from the patient’s reaction when we have offered him one of our constructions.The point must be gone into in detail. It is true that we do not accept the ‘No’ of a person under analysis at its face value; but neither do we allow his ‘Yes’ to pass. There is no justification for accusing us of invariably twisting his remarks into a confirmation. In reality things are not so simple and we do not make it so easy for ourselves to come to a conclusion.
从已经谈到的内容中，当我们已经提供给患者一个我们的建构时，我们一点儿也不能忽视从患者的反映那里推测出来的指示。这一点必须深入到细节当中。在分析家这里，确实我们不能接受一个人的“不”的表面意义。也不能允许他的“是啊”通过。没有理由指责我们总是扭曲患者的话语，将之变为一种肯定。而在现实的事物不是那么简单，我们可不能为了获得一个结论而将之简单化。
A plain ‘Yes’ from a patient is by no means unambiguous. It can indeed signify that he recognizes the correctness of the construction that has been presented to him; but it can also be meaningless, or can even deserve to be described as ‘hypocritical’, since it may be convenient for his resistance to make use of an assent in such circumstances in order to prolong the concealment of a truth that has not been discovered. The ‘Yes’ has no value unless it is followed by indirect confirmations, unless the patient, immediately after his ‘Yes’, produces new memories which complete and extend the construction. Only in such an event do we consider that the ‘Yes’ has dealt completely with the subject under discussion.
患者那里所说的一个“是”绝不是好不模糊的。这可能的确意味着患者已经认识到了这个呈现给他的建构的正确性，但是这有可能是毫无意义的，这甚至都可以被描述为“虚伪”，因为为了对那些还未被发现的真相继续隐瞒下去，在这种情况下阻抗可能很方便地利用了这种肯定。除非紧接着这种肯定之后出现了间接的证实，除非患者在肯定之后立马回忆起了新的记忆来完善和拓展这个建构，否则这种肯定就是毫无意义的。只有在这种情况下，我们认为这个“是”已经完全处理了讨论中的主题。
A ‘No’ from a person in analysis is quite as ambiguous as a ‘Yes’, and is indeed of even less value.In some rare cases it turns out to be the expression of a legitimate dissent. Far more frequently it expresses a resistance which may have been evoked by the subject-matter of the construction that has been put forward but which may just as easily have arisen from some other factor in the complex analytic situation. Thus, a patient’s ‘No’ is no evidence of the correctness of a construction, though it is perfectly compatible with it. Since every such construction is an incomplete one, since it covers only a small fragment of the forgotten events, we are free to suppose that the patient is not in fact disputing what has been said to him but is basing his contradiction upon the part that has not yet been uncovered. As a rule he will not give his assent until he has learnt the whole truth - which often covers a very great deal of ground. So that the only safe interpretation of his ‘No’ is that it points to incompleteness; there can be no doubt that the construction has not told him everything.
一个分析中的人所说的“不”也确实和“是”一样模棱两可，而且也确实甚至是没有价值的。在某些罕见的案例中，这种否定可能是一座合理的否定的表达。但是更加常见的是否定表现为一种阻抗，而这种阻抗是由于已经提出来的建构的内容所激发出来的，但是这阻抗也许仅仅简单地是由于复杂的分析情景下的其他因素所激起的。如此说来，一个患者的“不”不是一个建构正确的证据，尽管它完美地与之匹配。因为每一个这样的建构不完全的，因为它仅仅包含着一些小的被遗忘事件的碎片，所以我们可以假设患者不是在针对对他所说的话的争论，而是基于那些尚未被发现的部分与建构的矛盾而产生的否认。通常，患者直到他理解到整个真相（这个真相涵盖了很大一片范围）之前，他都不会给出肯定。如此，唯一对患者的“不”所做的安全的解释都指向着不完整，毫无疑问，建构没有告诉患者一切。
It appears, therefore, that the direct utterances of the patient after he has been offered a construction afford very little evidence upon the question whether we have been right or wrong. It is of all the greater interest that there are indirect forms of confirmation which are in every respect trustworthy. One of these is a form of words that is used (as though by general agreement) with very little variation by the most different people: ‘I didn’t ever think’ (or ‘I shouldn’t ever have thought’) ‘that’ (or ‘of that’). This can be translated without any hesitation into: ‘Yes, you’re right this time - about my unconscious.’ Unfortunately this formula, which is so welcome to the analyst, reaches his ears more often after single interpretations than after he has produced an extensive construction. An equally valuable confirmation is implied (expressed this time positively) when the patient answers with an association which contains something similar or analogous to the content of the construction. Instead of taking an example of this from an analysis (which would be easy to find but lengthy to describe) I prefer to give an account of a small extra-analytical experience which presents a similar situation so strikingly that it produces an almost comic effect. It concerned one of my colleagues who - it was long ago - had chosen me as a consultant in his medical practice. One day, however, he brought his young wife to see me, as she was causing him trouble. She refused on all sorts of pretexts to have sexual relations with him, and what he expected of me was evidently that I should lay before her the consequences of her ill-advised behaviour. I went into the matter and explained to her that her refusal would probably have unfortunate results for her husband’s health or would lay him open to temptations that might lead to a break-up of their marriage. At this point he suddenly interrupted me with the remark: ‘The Englishman you diagnosed as suffering from a cerebral tumour has died too.’ At first the remark seemed incomprehensible; the ‘too’ in his sentence was a mystery, for we had not been speaking of anyone else who had died. But a short time afterwards I understood. The man was evidently intending to confirm what I had been saying; he was meaning to say: ‘Yes, you’re certainly quite right. Your diagnosis was confirmed in the case of the other patient too.’ It was an exact parallel to the indirect confirmations that we obtain in analysis from associations. I will not attempt to deny that there were other thoughts as well, put on one side by my colleague, which had a share in determining his remark.
因此，这表示，在患者得到一个建构之后，患者（对此）的直接反应只能给我们正确或是错误这个问题提供很少的证据。更有趣的是有一些间接的证据形式，这些形式每一种都是可靠的。这些方面其中一种就是语词的形式，这种形式在不同的人那里都使用得只有很小程度的变化：（这似乎是公认的）“我没有这么想过。”或是，“我不该这么想的。”这可以毫无疑问地翻译为：“对啊，关于我的无意识，这次你是对的。”不幸的是，这种很受分析家欢迎的公式，更常见的是在他们做出单一解释之后进入他的耳中，而不是在他做出一个广泛的建构时。当患者用一个包含了某些与建构内容相似的东西的联想来回答时，这就暗示着一种等价的证据。我不打算从分析工作中举出一个例子，（虽然这很容易，但得花很长的篇幅来描述）而更愿意从一个小小的，分析之外的经历中给出一些思考，这个经历呈现出一个如此惊人类似的情景，以至于它产生了一种戏剧化的效果。这关系到我的一个同事，很久以前，在他的临床工作中，他选我作为他的顾问医生。然而，有一天，他带着他的妻子来见我，因为她让他陷入麻烦了，她用各种借口拒绝同他发生性关系。很显然，他希望我能指出她那愚蠢行为的后果。
我陷入了麻烦，还是向她解释了，她的拒绝行为可能对她丈夫的健康产生一些不幸的结果，或是使得他也许转而对一些可能破坏他们婚姻的诱惑产生兴趣。在这时，他突然打断我，并说道：“那个你诊断为脑瘤的英国人也已经死了。”
一开始，这句话似乎是无法理解的，“也”这个字在他的句子中是一个谜题，因为我们不会这样说任何一个已经死去的人。但是在很短的一段时间后，我明白了。这个人明显是倾向于确认我所说的话：他的意思是，“是的，你的确相当正确，你的诊断在其他病人那里“也”是正确的。”这与我们在分析中从联想中得到的正确是完全平行的，我不会尝试否认也存在着一些被我的同事放到一边的其他的想法，而这些想法也部分地决定着他说的话。
…………………………………………………………………………………………
Indirect confirmation from associations that fit in with the content of a construction - that give us a ‘too’ like the one in my story - provides a valuable basis for judging whether the construction is likely to be confirmed in the course of the analysis.
来自符合一个建构的内容的联想的间接的证明 --像我的故事中的那个人一样给我一个“也”--为判断是否分析过程中建构有可能得到证实，提供了一个有价值的基础。
It is particularly striking when, by means of a parapraxis, a confirmation of this kind insinuates itself into a direct denial.
当这种证明以一种行为倒错的方式迂回变成一个否认时，它是特别的明显的。
I once published elsewhere a nice example of this. The name ‘Jauner’ (a familiar one in Vienna) came up repeatedly in one of my patient’s dreams without a sufficient explanation appearing in his associations.
我曾经在别处出版过这方面一个很好的案例。Jauner（一个在维也纳很常见的名字）这个名字在我的一个病人的梦中经常出现，同时没有一个充分的解释出现在他的联想中。
I finally put forward the interpretation that when he said ‘Jauner’ he probably meant ‘Gauner’, whereupon he promptly replied: ‘That seems to me too "jewagt".’ Or there was the other instance, in which, when I suggested to a patient that he considered a particular fee too high, he meant to deny the suggestion with the words‘Ten dollars mean nothing to me’ but instead of dollars put in a coin of lower value and said ‘ten shillings’.
最后，我提出这个解释：当他说Jauner时，他可能表示的是弯曲的意思。于是他立即回应说：“这对我似乎太jewagt。或者还有另一个例子：当我向一个病人暗示他觉得一个特别的费用太高时，他用“10美元对我来说不重要”这些话表示拒绝。但是他却交付了一块更低价值的硬币来代替美元，并说“10先令”。
If an analysis is dominated by powerful factors that impose a negative therapeutic reaction, such as a sense of guilt, a masochistic need for suffering or repugnance to receiving help from the analyst, the patient’s behaviour after he has been offered a construction often makes it very easy for us to arrive at the decision that we are in search of.
如果一个分析被一些强有力的因素支配，而这些因素是一种消极的治疗反应，比如负罪感、一种受虐狂的受苦需求或者对接受分析家的帮助的反感，那么在他被提供一个建构之后，病人的行为使得我们很容易去达到我们追寻的结论。
If the construction is wrong, there is no change in the patient; but if it is right or gives an approximation to the truth, he reacts to it with an unmistakable aggravation of his symptoms and of his general condition.
如果这个建构是错误的，在病人那里就不存在什么改变，但是如果它是正确的或者它接近了真相，那么他对这个建构做出反应，同时他的症状和他的平常的健康状况出现恶化。
We may sum the matter up by asserting that there is no justification for the reproach that we neglect or underestimate the importance of the attitude taken up by those under analysis towards our constructions.
我们总结这问题，通过声明：我们忽视或者低估了，经过分析的那些东西引发的，指向我们的建构的这个态度的重要性，关于这个的责备是不正当的。
We pay attention to them and often derive valuable information from them. But these reactions on the part of the patient are rarely unambiguous and give no opportunity for a final judgement. Only the further course of the analysis enables us to decide whether our constructions are correct or unserviceable. We do not pretend that an individual construction is anything more than a conjecture which awaits examination, confirmation or rejection. We claim no authority for it, we require no direct agreement from the patient, nor do we argue with him if at first he denies it.
我们关注他们并经常从他们那里引导出有价值的信息。但是病人表现出来的这些反应很少是明确的，而且不能给出一个最终的判断。只有更进一步的分析过程使我们能够决断是否我们的建构是对的或者是无益的。我们不可以伪称，一个个人的建构仅仅是一个等候检验，然后被证实或者被抛弃的推测，甚至是一个不值得一提的东西。我们声明，如果他一开始就否认它（我们的建构），我们没有权力要求得到病人的直接的同意，也没有权力和他争吵。
In short, we conduct ourselves on the model of a familiar figure in one of Nestroy’s farces - the manservant who has a single answer on his lips to every question or objection: ‘It will all become clear in the course of future developments.’
总之，我们以Nestroy’s的滑稽剧里面的一个熟悉的人物为模范表现自己—--这个对每一个问题和异议都只有一个单一的回应的男仆：“在未来发展的进程中，它总会变得清晰的。”
III
How this occurs in the process of the analysis - the way in which a conjecture of ours is transformed into the patient’s conviction - this is hardly worth describing. All of it is familiar to every analyst from his daily experience and is intelligible without difficulty. Only one point requires investigation and explanation.
在分析过程中这是如何出现的--使我们的一个推测转变成病人的信念的这个方法--这几乎不值得描述。从他的日常经历来看，它对于每个分析师都是熟悉的并且没有理解困难的。只有一点需要调查和解释。
The path that starts from the analyst’s construction ought to end in the patient’s recollection; but it does not always lead so far. Quite often we do not succeed in bringing the patient to recollect what has been repressed. Instead of that, if the analysis is carried out correctly, we produce in him an assured conviction of the truth of the construction which achieves the same therapeutic result as a recaptured memory.
从分析师的建构开始的这条道路应该在病人的回忆中结束，但是这条道路没有延伸到这么远。经常，我们没能成功地引导病人回忆起被压抑的东西。作为代替，如果分析被正确地执行，在他那里，我们会产生一个令人信服的，建构的实质的信念，这个建构的实质可以像再次体验的记忆一样达到相同的治疗效果。
The problem of what the circumstances are in which this occurs and of how it is possible that what appears to be an incomplete substitute should nevertheless produce a complete result - all of this is matter for a later enquiry.
至于，“这个在什么样的情形中出现”这个问题和“成为一个不完整的替代品而出现的东西将产生一个完整的效果，这如何可能”这个问题----所有的这些都和后来治疗中的询问有关。
I shall conclude this brief paper with a few remarks which open up a wider perspective. I have been struck by the manner in which, in certain analyses, the communication of an obviously apt construction has evoked in the patients a surprising and at first incomprehensible phenomenon.
我打算以一些能够打开一个更宽广的展望的附注来结束这篇简短的论文。我一直受困于这个方式，在这个方式中，在某些分析里，一个明显的恰当的建构的传达在病人中引起惊奇和开始时费解的现象。
They have had lively recollections called up in them - which they themselves have described as ‘ultra-clear’ - but what they have recollected has not been the event that was the subject of the construction but details relating to that subject.
他们曾经一直使存在于他们中的生动的记忆被唤醒—他们一直把自己描述为极端的清晰的—但是他们一直回忆起的东西还没有成为建构的主体这个事情而是与主体有关的细节。
For instance, they have recollected with abnormal sharpness the faces of the people involved in the construction or the rooms in which something of the sort might have happened, or, a step further away, the furniture in such rooms - on the subject of which the construction had naturally no possibility of any knowledge. This has occurred both in dreams immediately after the construction had been put forward and in waking states resembling phantasies.
例如，他们以异常的清晰度回忆起建构中涉及到的人的脸和可能发生了某种事情的房间，或者，更进一步的程度，在这样的房间里的家具--涉及到这个不可能知道的建构时。在建构被提出之后，这种情况像幻想一样发生，包括在在梦中和醒着的状态。
These recollections have themselves led to nothing further and it has seemed plausible to regard them as the product of a compromise. The ‘upward drive’ of the repressed, stirred into activity by the putting forward of the construction, has striven to carry the important memory-traces into consciousness; but a resistance has succeeded, not, it is true, in stopping that movement, but in displacing it on to adjacent objects of minor significance.
这些记忆没有导致更一步的事情，并且为了把他们当做妥协的结果，它看上去似乎和真实的一样。这个被压抑的，被提出的建构激惹进入活跃状态的，内驱力努力把重要的记忆痕迹搬运到意识中，但是，这是真的，一个抵抗力没有成功阻止这个运动，却成功地把它置换成具有较小的重要性的毗连的物体。
These recollections might have been described as hallucinations if a belief in their actual presence had been added to their clearness. The importance of this analogy seemed greater when I noticed that true hallucinations occasionally occurred in the case of other patients who were certainly not psychotic. My line of thought proceeded as follows.
这些回忆可能描述成幻想，如果一个在他们真实的存在的中的信念被添加到他们的清晰的（意识中）。当我注意到真实的幻觉偶尔发生在其他的当然不是患有精神病的病人的情况中时，这个类推的重要性更强了。我的思想路线如下各项开始。
Perhaps it may be a general characteristic of hallucinations to which sufficient attention has not hitherto been paid that in them something that has been experienced in infancy and then forgotten returns - something that the child has seen or heard at a time when he could still hardly speak and that now forces its way into consciousness, probably distorted and displaced owing to the operation of forces that are opposed to this return.
也许，它可能是一个普通的，迄今没有受到足够注意的，幻觉性特征，在这些幻觉中，某件幼年时体验过的，然后忘记的事情回来了—某件在儿童还几乎不能说话的一段时间里，他看见过或听过的事情，某件强迫它的方法进入意识的事情，某件可能因为对抗这个回归的力量的操作而被歪曲的、置换的事情。
And, in view of the close relation between hallucinations and particular forms of psychosis, our line of thought may be carried still further. It may be that the delusions into which these hallucinations are so constantly incorporated may themselves be less independent of the upward drive of the unconscious and the return of the repressed than we usually assume.
然后，从幻觉与精神病的特别的形式之间的亲密关系的角度看，我的思想路线也许会跟进一步地继续。它可能是：那些不断地被幻觉合并成的妄想，它们自己更少地不受无意识中的向上的内驱力和被压抑的东西的回归（的强迫力量）的支配，相比我们平常呈现（的回忆）
In the mechanism of a delusion we stress as a rule only two factors: the turning away from the real world and its motive forces on the one hand, and the influence exercised by wish-fulfilment on the content of the delusion on the other.
在一个妄想的机制中，我们通常只强调两个因素：一方面是从现实的世界避开和成为它的动机的力量；另一方面是由妄想的内容中的愿望实现的练习产生的影响。
But may it not be that the dynamic process is rather that the turning away from reality is exploited by the upward drive of the repressed in order to force its content into consciousness, while the resistances stirred up by this process and the trend to wish-fulfilment share the responsibility for the distortion and displacement of what is recollected? This is after all the familiar mechanism of dreams, which intuition has equated with madness from time immemorial.
但是，也许，可能不是这样：这个动力的过程是，避开现实是由被压抑的向上的内驱力开拓的，为了强迫它的内容进入意识，与此同时，被这个过程激起的阻抗和愿望实现的倾向分担了对被回忆起的东西进行扭曲和置换的责任。这是（出现在）所有的熟悉的梦的机制之后的，这些梦将来自无法追忆的的时间的直觉和疯狂等同起来。
This view of delusions is not, I think, entirely new, but it nevertheless emphasizes a point of view which is not usually brought into the foreground. The essence of it is that there is not only method in madness, as the poet has already perceived, but also a fragment of historical truth; and it is plausible to suppose that the compulsive belief attaching to delusions derives its strength precisely from infantile sources of this kind.
我想，幻想的这个观点，不是完全新的。然而它强调了这个观点，这个经常没有被带到一个显著的地方的观点。这个观点的实质是，在疯狂中，不仅存在条理，还存在历史事实的碎片，如同诗人所理解的。
All that I can produce to-day in support of this theory are reminiscences, not fresh impressions. It would probably be worth while to make an attempt to study cases of the disorder in question on the basis of the hypotheses that have been here put forward and also to carry out their treatment on those same lines. The vain effort would be abandoned of convincing the patient of the error of his delusion and of its contradiction of reality; and, on the contrary, the recognition of its kernel of truth would afford common ground upon which the therapeutic work could develop.
今天，我能产生的支持我的理论的所有东西，都是回忆录，不是新鲜的印象。根据这里提出的猜想，试图去研究一些仍在讨论中的混乱的案例，并且根据那些相同的路线去实行治疗，这可能是很值得的。使病人相信的他的妄想的错误和他的妄想对现实的否认，这个徒劳的努力将会被抛弃。相反，对妄想的事实的核心的识别提供一个共同的基础，在这个基础上，治疗的工作能够发展。
That work would consist in liberating the fragment of historical truth from its distortions and its attachments to the actual present day and in leading it back to the point in the past to which it belongs.
从它的（妄想的）扭曲和它的附属物中把历史事实的碎片释放到真实的当今和带领它（历史碎片）回到它所属的过去的那个点，这两部分组成了那个工作（识别）。
The transposing of material from a forgotten past on to the present or on to an expectation of the future is indeed a habitual occurrence in neurotics no less than in psychotics.
在精神病患者中，从一个被忘记的过去到现在或者到一个未来的期望的材料的置换是一个习以为常的事件，而在神经症患者中，这种情况也不比精神病患者的差。
Often enough, when a neurotic is led by an anxiety-state to expect the occurrence of some terrible event, he is in fact merely under the influence of a repressed memory (which is seeking to enter consciousness but cannot become conscious) that something which was at that time terrifying did really happen. I believe that we should gain a great deal of valuable knowledge from work of this kind upon psychotics even if it led to no therapeutic success.
经常，当一个神经症患者被一种焦虑的状态牵引去期望某件可怕的事件发生时，实际上，他是他受到一种被压抑的记忆（它力图进入意识但却不能被意识到）的影响。在这个被压抑的记忆中，在那段时间，真的发生过某件可怕的事情。我认为，我们应该，依靠精神病患者，从这种工作中获取大量的有价值的知识，即使这并不能够导致心理治疗的成功。
I am aware that it is of small service to handle so important a subject in the cursory fashion that I have here employed. But none the less I have not been able to resist the seduction of an analogy.
我意识到用我在这里采用的粗略的方式处理这么重要的一个主题是小的的服务。不过，我依然没有能够抵制一个类比的诱惑。
The delusions of patients appear to me to be the equivalents of the constructions which we build up in the course of an analytic treatment - attempts at explanation and cure, though it is true that these, under the conditions of a psychosis, can do no more than replace the fragment of reality that is being disavowed in the present by another fragment that had already been disavowed in the remote past.
病人的幻想呈现给我成为我们在分析的治疗过程中加强的建构的等价物—在解释和治疗中的尝试。尽管这是真实的，这些，在一种精神病状态下的，仅仅能够代替这个现在正在被在遥远的过去中已经被否定的另一个碎片否定的现实的碎片。
It will be the task of each individual investigation to reveal the intimate connections between the material of the present disavowal and that of the original repression.
它会成为每个为了揭示现在的否定的材料和原始的压抑的材料之间的紧密关系的独特的调查研究（个案研究）的任务。
Just as our construction is only effective because it recovers a fragment of lost experience, so the delusion owes its convincing power to the element of historical truth which it inserts in the place of the rejected reality.
正像我们的建构是唯一有效的，因为它恢复了失去的经历的一个碎片。所以幻想把它的令人信服的力量归功于镶嵌在（原来）被拒绝的真相的地方的历史事实的决定因素。
In this way a proposition which I originally asserted only of hysteria would apply also to delusions - namely, that those who are subject to them are suffering from their own reminiscences. I never intended by this short formula to dispute the complexity of the causation of the illness or to exclude the operation of many other factors.
用这种方法，一个最初我声称的癔症的做合适的主题将也适用于幻想—也就是，受制于它们的那些人正从他们自己的回忆录中遭受痛苦。我从没有打算怀疑疾病的因果关系或者排除许多其他的因素的操作的复杂性。
If we consider mankind as a whole and substitute it for the single human individual, we discover that it too has developed delusions which are inaccessible to logical criticism and which contradict reality.
如果我们把人类当做一个整体然后用一个单一的人类个体来代替它，我们发现它也发展了逻辑的批评无法接近的幻想和否定现实的幻想。
If, in spite of this, they are able to exert an extraordinary power over men, investigation leads us to the same explanation as in the case of the single individual. They owe their power to the element of historical truth which they have brought up from the repression of the forgotten and primaeval past.
如果，尽管如此，他们能够运用一种非凡的力量超越人类，调查研究领导我们到达相同的解释，如同单一的个体的情况。他们把他们的能量归功于历史的真相--他们从被遗忘的东西的压抑里和原始的过去中提取出来的真相。
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