REFERENCES
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5 We (Richards & Lynch 2008) see the value of understanding psychoanalysis as a natural science, as put
forth by Rangell (2007a) & Brenner (2006). In this view, science is a way of looking at the world guided by
facts. Facts are not immutable truths (Brenner, 2006) but amenable to pragmatic confirmation or denial.
Freud (1893) recognized this frequently quoting Charcot’s aphorism: “Theory is good; but it doesn’t
prevent things from existing” (p. 13). The scientific point of view requires that theory be the best
explanation that one can give to the facts. In this way, science remains an ideal for psychoanalysis. How
do we arrive at this ideal state of science? Clinical evidence progresses towards scientific evidence as it
moves on a continuum of substantiation: from discovery through a hermeneutic practice, to the continuous
repetition and validation of the findings, to the ultimate creation of testable hypotheses from internal and
external sources. In our current pluralistic world, contributions come from many perspectives. These
diverse perspectives should continue to be nurtured, contributed to and substantiated. Welcoming these
contributions is the organization of theory. This can only be done by productive communication and
discourse. Every advocate must be given the opportunity to present her or his position as clearly and
forcefully as possible, to the widest audience available.
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_____, (1988). Leo Rangell an Appreciation. Psychoanalytic Quarterly 57: 297-
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______, (2002). Transference as Defense. Journal of the American Psychoanalytic
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_____, & Brenner, C. (1966). The psychoanalytic situation. In: Psychoanalysis in
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