Constructions in analysis (1937d), S.E., XXIII, 257-269.
班鸠、吴张彰译
I
It has always seemed to me to be greatly to the credit of a certain well-known man of science that he treated psycho-analysis fairly at a time when most other people felt themselves under no such obligation.
一直以来,我似乎总是很感谢一个知名的科学人士的信誉,他每次都公正地看待精神分析,当大多数人都认为他们没有这个义务时。
On one occasion, nevertheless, he gave expression to an opinion upon analytic technique which was at once derogatory and unjust.
然而,在一个场合,他表达了一个关于精神分析技术的观点,这个观点当即变成了贬损的和不公正的。
He said that in giving interpretations to a patient we treat him upon the famous principle of ‘Heads I win, tails you lose’.¹ That is to say, if the patient agrees with us, then the interpretation is right; but if he contradicts us, that is only a sign of his resistance, which again shows that we are right.
他说,在给病人解释时,我们依靠“开头我赢,结尾你输”这个著名的原则治疗他。那就是说,如果病人同意我们,那么这个解释是正确,但是如果他否定我们,那仅仅是他的阻抗的标志,再次地,这个阻抗表明了我们是正确的。
In this way we are always in the right against the poor helpless wretch whom we are analysing, no matter how he may respond to what we put forward. Now, since it is in fact true that a ‘No’ from one of our patients is not as a rule enough to make us abandon an interpretation as incorrect, a revelation such as this of the nature of our technique has been most welcome to the opponents of analysis.
以这样的方式,在对抗这个我们正在分析的可怜的无助的人时,不管他如何回应我们提出的东西,我们总是正确的。现在,来自我们的病人的一个“不”通常不足以让我们把一个解释当做不正确的而抛弃,因为这个事实,所以一个对我们的技术的性质的揭露,比如这个,是最受精神分析的对手欢迎的。
It is therefore worth while to give a detailed account of how we are accustomed to arrive at an assessment of the ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ of our patients during analytic treatment - of their expression of agreement or of denial. The practising analyst will naturally learn nothing in the course of this apologia that he does not know already.
因此,给出一个详细的关于“在精神分析治疗中,我们如何习惯地去达成一个对我们的病人的“是”或“否”的评估—他们的同意或者否定的表达”的评估的描述,是很值得的。在这份他还不知道的辩解文的过程中,开业的分析家将不会了解到任何东西。
It is familiar ground that the work of analysis aims at inducing the patient to give up the repressions(using the word in the widest sense) belonging to his early development and to replace them by reactions of a sort that would correspond to a psychically mature condition.
精神分析这项工作的目的在于引导病人放弃属于他早期发展的压抑(用这个广泛意义上的词),而采用一种符合心理成熟的条件的反应来代替这些压抑。这是熟悉的地方。
With this purpose in view he must be brought to recollect certain experiences and the affective impulses called up by them which he has for the time being forgotten.
从这个目的来考虑,他(病人)必须被引导回忆起一些确定的经历和这些经历所唤起的他一直忘记了的情感冲动。
We know that his present symptoms and inhibitions are the consequences of repressions of this kind: thus that they are a substitute for these things that he has forgotten
我们知道,他现在的症状和抑制是这种压抑的结果。因此,这些症状和抑制是那些他忘记了的东西的代替品。
What sort of material does he put at our disposal which we can make use of to put him on the way to recovering the lost memories?
在这些我们能够用来恢复他失去的记忆的处理中,他表达了什么样的材料?
All kinds of things. He gives us fragments of these memories in his dreams, invaluable in themselves but seriously distorted as a rule by all the factors concerned in the formation of dreams.
各种各样的东西。在他的梦中,他给我们这些(忘记的)记忆的碎片,这些是对他们自己来说极其珍贵的、但通常被与梦之形成有关的因素严重扭曲的碎片。
Again, he produces ideas, if he gives himself up to ‘free association’, in which
we can discover allusions to the repressed experiences and derivatives of the suppressed affective impulses as well as of the reactions against them
如果他可以让自己处于自由联想的状态中,而在其中我们能够发现,对被压抑的经历和被抑制的情感冲动的派生物也就是对抗这些情感冲动的反应的提及,那么再次地,他就产生了思想。
And, finally, there are hints of repetitions of the affects belonging to the repressed material to be found in actions performed by the patient, some fairly important, some trivial, both inside and outside the analytic situation
最后,存在一些附属于被压抑的材料的重复出现的情绪反应的线索。这些线索,一些相当重要,一些不重要,都将在病人所表现的行动中,在分析情境中和分析情境外,被发现。
Our experience has shown that the relation of transference, which becomes established towards the analyst, is particularly calculated to favour the return of these emotional connections
我们的经验已经表明这种明确地指向分析师的移情的关系是特别地适合帮助这些情感关系的回归。
It is out of such raw material - if we may so describe it - that we have to put together what we are in search of
它是在如此原始的材料之外的—如果我们可以这样描述它—以至于我们不得不把我们所要追寻的东西放到一起。
What we are in search of is a picture of the patient’s forgotten years that shall be alike trustworthy and in all essential respects complete.
我们所要追寻的是一张病人忘记了的岁月的图像,这张图像应该是同样地可靠的和包括了所有必要的方面的完整图像。
But at this point we are reminded that the work of analysis consists of two quite different portions, that it is carried on in two separate localities, that it involves two people, to each of whom a distinct task is assigned
但是在这一点上,我想起分析这项工作是由两个很不相同的部分组成的,是在两个分离的位置上继续的,它牵涉了两个人,他们中每一个人都被指定了一个不同的任务。
It may for a moment seem strange that such a fundamental fact should not have been pointed out long ago; but it will immediately be perceived that there was nothing being in this, that it is a fact which is universally known and, as it were,self-evident and is merely being brought into relief here and separately examined for a particular purpose.
有那么一会,我们可能会觉得奇怪,很久以前,这样的一个基本事实不应该被指出来。但是将会很快地被察觉:在这点中过去什么都没有,并且它是一个众所周知的事实,因为它曾是不证自明的,在这里它仅仅是被鲜明地凸显出来和为了一个特殊的目的被分开地检查。
We all know that the person who is being analysed has to be induced to remember something that has been experienced by him and repressed; and the dynamic determinants of this process are so interesting that the other portion of the work, the task performed by the analyst, has been pushed into the background
我们都知道,接受分析的人必须要被引导去回忆某件他经历过的并被压抑了的事情;但是这些分析过程中的动态的决定因素是如此地让人感兴趣,以至于分析的另一部分的工作,由分析家执行的任务,被推到了背景里面。
The analyst has neither experienced nor repressed any of the material under consideration; his task cannot be to remember anything. What then is his task?
分析家既没有体验过也没有压抑任何在考虑之中的材料,他的任务不会是去记所有的东西。那么,他的任务是什么呢?
His task is to make out what has been forgotten from the traces which it has left behind or, more correctly,to construct it.
他的任务是从(被压抑的材料)落下的痕迹中辨认出被忘记了的东西,或者更正确地建构它。
The time and manner in which he conveys his constructions to the person who is being analysed, as well as the explanations with which he accompanies them, constitute the link between the two portions of the work of analysis, between his own part and that of the patient.
分析家向正在被分析的人传达他的建构的时机和方式以及他传达时附带的说明,组成了分析工作的两个部分即他自己的角色和病人的角色之间的纽带。
His work of construction, or, if it is preferred, of reconstruction, resembles to a great extent an archaeologist’s excavation of some dwelling-place that has been destroyed and buried or of some ancient edifice
如果这是优先的,他建构或者重新建构的工作很大程度上类似于一个考古学家对被毁坏并被掩埋的住所或古代大型建筑物的挖掘。
The two processes are in fact identical, except that the analyst works under better conditions and has more material at his command to assist him, since what he is dealing with is not something destroyed but something that is still alive - and perhaps for another reason as well
这两个工作的过程实际上是一样的,除了分析家在更好的条件下工作,并且在他的控制下有更多的材料来帮助他,因为他所处理的不是被毁坏的某个东西而是仍然有活力的某物—也许还因为另一个原因。
But just as the archaeologist builds up the walls of the building from the foundations that have remained standing, determines the number and position of the columns from depressions in the floor and reconstructs the mural decorations and paintings from the remains found in the debris, so does the analyst proceed when he draws his inferences from the fragments of memories, from the associations and from the behaviour of the subject of the analysis.
但是,正如同考古学家从还直立的房基上建造建筑物的墙垒,从地上的低洼里确定塔器的号码和位置,从被发现的残骸中重新构建墙体的装饰物和图画,当分析家从记忆碎片中,从联想中以及分析的主体的行为中建构他的推论时,他也这样开始(他的工作)。
Both of them have an undisputed right to reconstruct by means of supplementing and combining the surviving remains. Both of them, moreover,are subject to many of the same difficulties and sources of error.
他们都有一个无可争辩的权利,并通过利用一些补充物与结合依然存在的残骸去重新建构。此外,他们都共同受制于很多相同的困难和错误的根源。
One of the most ticklish problems that confronts the archaeologist is notoriously the determination of the relative age of his finds; and if an object makes its appearance in some particular level, it often remains to be decided whether it belongs to that level or whether it was carried down to that level owing to some subsequent disturbance