IPA精神分析辞典:投射性认同
Gary Schlesinger、Florence Guignard、Ricardo Spector、Arne Jemstedt 文
Mints 译
I. INTRODUCTION AND DEFINITIONS
1、导言和定义
Projective identification, a concept introduced by Melanie Klein in 1946, is both a primitive defense mechanism as well as a fundamental mode of unconscious communication with oneself and with the world. It allows the self to disavow unwanted experience while affording a modicum of control over the object of the projection.
1946年提出的概念,它既是一种原始的防御机制,也是一种与自己和世界进行无意识交流的基本模式。它允许自我在(通过投射性认同)承受着对客体进行温和控制的时候,否认(disavow)自己不想要的体验。
投射性认同(Projective identification)是梅兰妮·克莱因(Melanie Klein)于Projective identification is a twofold unconscious movement that ignores the boundaries between the Self and the other and deals mainly with part-objects and parts of the Self. By projecting them into another person, first real, then also fantasized, the subject – first, the infant – evacuates – first, into the mother – painful body experiences, death anguish and other emotions and feelings that overwhelm his/her capacities to contain them within him/herself.
婴儿排出(evacuation)的部分——投射进入母亲——痛苦的身体体验、对死亡的极度痛苦和其他情绪(emotions)和感受(feelings),这些情绪和感觉压倒了他/她在体内涵容它们的能力。
投射性认同是一种双重无意识运动,它忽略了自我和他人之间的边界,主要用于处理部分客体(part-objects)和自我的一些部分。通过将它们投射到另一个人身上,首先是真实的,然后是幻觉,首先是主体,即,However, such a denial does not prevent the subject from keeping unconscious links with these expelled objects and parts of the Self; s/he also identifies him/herself with characteristics of the person into which s/he projected these elements.
然而,这种否认并不能阻止主体与这些被驱逐的部分客体和部分自我保持无意识的联系;他/她也认同这位带着他/她投射之特征的人。
Melanie Klein added projective identification to the first set of defenses – splitting, denial and idealization – that she had sorted out and specially dealt with in her 1946 paper, because she observed that it appeared simultaneously with these in the infant.
Melanie Klein将投射性认同添加到了第一套防御机制(分裂、否认和理想化)中,这在她1946年的论文中进行了整理和特别报道,因为她观察到投射性认同与婴儿的这些防御同时出现。
Projective identification is made of two main psychoanalytic concepts – projection and identification. However, apart from the fact that both are unconscious psychic movements, these two concepts do not have the same level of complexity:
精神分析概念组成——投射(projection)和认同(identification)。然而,除了两者都是无意识的精神运动之外,这两个概念的有着不同的复杂性:
投射性认同由两个重要的-Projection-and-introjection are the basic mechanisms required for a psychic life to exist, in the same way as inspiration-and-expiration are the necessary mechanisms of breathing in biological life.
——投射和内摄(introjection)是精神生活存在所需的基本机制,就像吸气和呼气是物生物生活呼吸的必要机制一样。
-Identification is a much more complex process, made of a mosaic of relational micromovements, and never achieved.
——认同这是一个更复杂的过程,由关系的微观运动拼凑而成,而且从未实现。
Melanie Klein认为投射性认同从出生到死亡都发挥着作用,在发展过程中逐渐形成了更加清晰和有意识的关系和沟通方式。
Projective identification is a hybrid and dynamic concept that applies to intrapsychic life as well as to interpersonal dynamics and economy (Guignard, 2017-2020). It enhances the importance of a first object fit for the newborn to have good enough relations: the helplessness and pre-maturity of the human baby make it necessary for him/her to get from the outside (from the mother) a fundamental means of communication, in order to have a grip on a ruthless reality. The newborn needs to meet the caring and thinking capacities in the mother in order to welcome and try to soothe those projected parts of him/her.
投射性认同是一个混合的(hybrid)动态概念,适用于内在精神生活以及人际动力学和经济动力学(Guignard,2017-2020)。它强调了第一个适合(fit for)新生儿的客体(和婴儿之间有着足够好的关系)的重要性:人类婴儿的无助和早熟使得他/她有必要从外部(从母亲那里)获得一种基本的沟通方法,以便掌控无情的现实。新生儿需要遇见(meet)母亲的关怀和思考能力,以便欢迎并试图抚慰他/她的那些投射。
Projective identification cannot be understood separately from “introjective identification”, a concept rarely made explicit in clinical descriptions. Together, they constitute the feeling of identity of a person, a feeling always in motion and never achieved.
投射性认同不能与“内摄性认同”分开理解,后者是一个在临床描述中很少详细描述的概念。它们共同构成了一个人的认同(identity)感,一种始终处于运动状态且从未实现的感觉。
II. HISTORICAL EVOLUTION OF THE CONCEPT
2、投射性认同概念的历史演变
Projective identification developed as a combination of Freud’s (1915 – “Instincts and their vicissitudes”) concept of projection – which he viewed as a means for the ego to rid itself of painful, threatening mental contents – and of his concept of identification. In his papers on metapsychology (eg 1917, 1923) Freud wrote that identification is the first form of object relation to appear at birth. It could be said that his 1914 essay on narcissism resulted in such an insight about a common psychic movement that installs simultaneously object relation and identification.
投射性认同形成于弗洛伊德《本能及其变迁》(1915C)中的投射概念(他认为投射是自我摆脱痛苦的、威胁性的心理内容的一种手段)和他的认同概念的结合。弗洛伊德在他的元心理学的论文(例如1917、1923)中写道,认同是出生时出现的第一种客体关系形式。可以说,他在1914年发表的《论自恋》中产生了这种洞见——同时装载了客体关系(object relation)和认同(identification)的常规精神运动。
In 1938, shortly before his death, Freud clarified the primitive defense mechanisms of splitting, denial and idealization. In particular, he stressed the difference between the violence of the primal defenses compared to the secondary ones – linked to the secondary repression. By studying these defenses in relation to perversions, he focused on their pathology, not on their structure.
1938年,在他去世前不久,弗洛伊德阐明了分裂、否认和理想化的原始防御机制。他特别强调了猛烈的原始防御与次级防御之间的区别,后者与次级压抑有关。通过研究这些与异常(心理)有关的防御机制,他把重点放在了它们的病理学上,而不是它们的结构上。
Melanie Klein’s concept of projective identification might be considered as having its roots in Freud’s considerations mentioned above. However, one should add to it Klein’s discoveries of the role of splitting in the world of objects – not only of the Ego, as Freud described it – that gave rise to the rich and complex universe of part-objects relations and identifications.
人们认为,梅兰妮·克莱因的投射性认同概念可能源于上文所述的弗洛伊德之考量。然而,我们应该再加上克莱因发现的分裂(splitting)在客体世界中的作用——不仅仅是如同弗洛伊德所描述的自我——这种分裂产生了丰富而复杂的部分客体关系和认同的宇宙。
Projective identification addresses psychic objects projected – transferred – onto various people, the first of which is obviously the mother in the beginning of life, or her substitute, first as a part-object – “the breast” – then, as a total object – the person of the mother.
投射性认同指的是投射到——转移(transferred)到——不同的人身上的精神客体,这些客体,第一个显然是生命开时的母亲,或她的替代者,首先是作为部分客体——“乳房”——然后是作为整体客体(total object)——母亲这个人。
In 1946, Melanie Klein viewed projective identification as an intrapsychic means by which the infant relieves itself of unwanted affects, objects and parts of the self and a mechanism by which it takes control of the mother in [unconscious] phantasy. She also made clear that these projected aspects could be either good or bad. She introduced the notion that projective identification, fueled by unconscious envy, serves to destroy – once again in phantasy – the object of envy. As Klein viewed the infant’s project as keeping the bad out and the good in, she noted that projective and introjective identification go hand in hand.
情感,客体和部分自我,以及通过这种机制[在无意识中]控制母亲的幻觉。她还明确表示,这些被投射的诸多部分可能是好的,也可能是坏的。她引入了一个概念,即投射性认同在无意识嫉妒(envy)的推动下,再次在幻觉中摧毁了嫉妒的客体。克莱因认为婴儿的投射是把坏的东西挡在外面,把好的东西放在里面,她指出投射性认同和内摄性认同是相辅相成的。
1946年,梅兰妮·克莱因将投射性认同视为一种内在精神方式,婴儿通过这种方式缓解(relieves)不想要的一些