Freud 1925g 超越唯乐原则
BEYOND THE PLEASURE PRINCIPLE
第一章
In the theory of psychoanalysis we have no hesitation in assuming that the course taken by mental events is automatically regulated by the pleasure principle. We believe, that is to say, that the course of those events is invariably set in motion by an unpleasurable tension, and that it takes a direction such that its final outcome coincides with a lowering of that tension - that is, with an avoidance of unpleasure or a production of pleasure. In taking that course into account in our consideration of the mental processes which are the subject of our study, we are introducing an ‘economic’ point of view into our work; and if,in describing those processes, we try to estimate this ‘economic’ factor in addition to the ‘topographical’ and ‘dynamic’ ones, we shall, I think, be giving the most complete description of them of which we can at present conceive, and one which deserves to be distinguished by the term ‘metapsychological’.
精神分析理论中,我们十分肯定地认为,唯乐原则(the pleasure principle)自动调节着心理事件的过程。也就是说,我们相信这些心理事件的过程必定是由某种不愉快的张力启动的,而且,该过程引领之方向的最终结果就是消除这种紧张状态,即,避免不愉快或制造不愉快。我们在思考心理过程的研究项目时也纳入了上述过程,我们在工作中引入了“经济学(economic)”观点。而且,如果在描述上述心理过程时,我们除了评估“地形学(topographical)”和“动力学的(dynamic)”因素之外,还需要评估这个“经济学”因素,我认为,以上是迄今为之我们对以上心理过程所能给予的最完整的描述,以上描述需要用元心理学(metapsychological)一词加以区分。❶
在It is of no concern to us in this connection to enquire how far, with this hypothesis of the pleasure principle, we have approached or adopted any particular, historically established, philosophical system. We have arrived at these speculative assumptions in an attempt to describe and to account for the facts of daily observation in our field of study. Priority and originality are not among the aims that psycho-analytic work sets itself; and the impressions that underlie the hypothesis of the pleasure principle are so obvious that they can scarcely be overlooked. On the other hand we would readily express our gratitude to any philosophical or psychological theory which was able to inform us of the meaning of the feelings of pleasure and unpleasure which act so imperatively upon us.
But on this point we are, alas, offered nothing to our purpose. This is the most obscure and inaccessible region of the mind, and, since we cannot avoid contact with it, the least rigid hypothesis, it seems to me, will be the best. We have decided to relate pleasure and unpleasure to the quantity of excitation that is present in the mind but is not in any way ‘bound’; and to relate them in such a manner that unpleasure corresponds to an increase in the quantity of excitation and pleasure to a diminution.What we are implying by this is not a simple relation between the strength of the feelings of pleasure and unpleasure and the corresponding modifications in the quantity of excitation; least of all - in view of all we have been taught by psycho-physiology - are we suggesting any directly proportional ratio: the factor that determines the feeling is probably the amount of increase or diminution in the quantity of excitation in a given period of time.Experiment might possibly play a part here; but it is not advisable for us analysts to go into the problem further so long as our way is not pointed by quite definite observations。
我们并不关心唯乐原则的假设在多大程度接近或采纳了任何特定的、历史上业已被接受的哲学体系。我们通过试图描述和解释自己的研究领域中日常观察到的事实而获得这些思辨性的假设的。优先和独创性并不是精神分析工作为自己设定的目标;而且,构成唯乐原则假设的基础的那些印象如此明显,几乎不能被忽视。另一方面,我们也非常乐意对这样一些哲学理论和心理学理论表示感谢:这些理论能够让我们了解如此迫切行动的唯乐与不唯乐感受的含义。然而,遗憾的是,我们没有为我们的目标提供任何东西。这是最模糊、最令人费解的心理领域。既然我们不能回避对它的研究,那么在我看来,最不僵化的假设将成为最好的假设。我们已经决定把愉快和不愉快与那些存在于心智中又不被任何束缚的兴奋程度联系在一起❷。而且,联系的方式是:不愉快与兴奋量的增大相一致;而愉快则与兴奋量的减少相一致。我们进行这种联系并非暗示:愉快和不愉快情感的强烈程度与兴奋量的相应变化之间是一种简单的关系;鉴于从心理生理学那里得来的认识,我们根本不打算提出任何正比例关系:决定这种情感的因素可能是一般特定时间内兴奋量增加或减少的数量。这里,实验可能发挥了一定的作用,然而在我们分析学者看来,要是没有十分确定的观察事实的指引,深入地讨论这个问题是不合适的。❸