译者:斑鸠
The technical rules which I am putting forward here have been arrived at from my own experience in the course of many years after unfortunate results had led me to abandon other methods. It will easily be seen that they (or at least many of them) may be summed up in a single precept. My hope is that observance of them will spare physicians practising analysis much unnecessary effort and guard them against some oversights. I must however make it clear that what I am asserting is that this technique is the only one suited to my individuality; I do not venture to deny that a physician quite differently constituted might find himself driven to adopt a different attitude to his patients and to the task before him.
我正要提出的这些技术规则,是在那些令人遗憾的结果促使我放弃了其他的方法之后,在许多年的过程中,从我自己的经验里总结得出的。这会很容易看到,它们(或者至少是它们中的许多)是用一个单一的规则总结出来的。我的希望是,对这些规则的遵守会节省开业从事精神分析的医生的许多精力,并且会防止他们的一些疏忽。然而,我必须澄清,我正在主张的东西是这个仅适合我个人的技术。我不敢否认说,一个(理论)构成十分不同医生可能会感觉自己受到驱使而对他的病人和他眼前的任务采取一种不同的态度。
(a) The first problem confronting an analyst who is treating more than one patient in the day will seem to him the hardest. It is the task of keeping in mind all the innumerable names, dates, detailed memories and pathological products which each patient communicates in the course of months and years of treatment, and of not confusing them with similar material produced by other patients under treatment simultaneously or previously. If one is required to analyse six, eight, or even more patients daily, the feat of memory involved in achieving this will provoke incredulity, astonishment or even commiseration in uninformed observers. Curiosity will in any case be felt about the technique which makes it possible to master such an abundance of material, and the expectation will be that some special expedients are required for the purpose.
记忆之壮举会在无知的观察者中引起怀疑、惊讶甚至同情。无论如何,对于能够掌控如此多的材料的技术,(我们)都会感到好奇,并且会预想,为了这个目的会需要一些特殊的策略。
这第一个问题,是在一天之中治疗超过一个病人的分析师面临的问题,对他来说似乎是最困难的问题。那是一个记住所有的数不清的名字、日期、详细的回忆和由疾病引起的产物之任务,而这些产物是每个病人在治疗的成年累月的过程中传达的;还是一个不把这些产物与其他病人在治疗下同时或先前产生的相似材料相混淆的任务。如果我们每天需要分析6个、8个或者更多的病人,那么,完成这个任务所需要的The technique, however, is a very simple one. As we shall see, it rejects the use of any specialexpedient (even that of taking notes). It consists simply in not directing one’s notice to anything in particular and in maintaining the same ‘evenly-suspended attention’ (as I have called it) in the face of all that one hears. In this way we spare ourselves a strain on our attention which could not in any case be kept up for several hours daily, and we avoid a danger which is inseparable from the exercise of deliberate attention.
然而,这是一个非常的简单的技术。如同我们会看到的,它拒绝使用任何特殊的策略(即使是谈话记录的策略)。这个技术仅仅在于:尤其不要把我们的注意力引向任何东西和在面对我们听到的所有的东西时保持相同的“均匀-悬浮注意力”(如同我已经称呼它的)。以这个方式,我们避免了我们的注意力上的紧张,我们的注意力无论如何不可能每天都保持几个小时,并且我们避免了一种危险,这种危险和故意的注意是分不开的。
For as soon as anyone deliberately concentrates his attention to a certain degree, he begins to select from the material before him; one point will be fixed in his mind with particular clearness and some other will be correspondingly disregarded, and in making this selection he will be following his expectations or inclinations. This, however, is precisely what must not be done. In making the selection, if he follows his expectations he is in danger of never finding anything but what he already knows; and if he follows his inclinations he will certainly falsify what he may perceive. It must not be forgotten that the things one hears are for the most part things whose meaning is only recognized later on.
因为,任何人一旦故意地把他的注意力集中到某个程度,他就会从他眼前的材料开始挑选;一个点将会特别清晰地固定在他的脑海中,并且,一些其他的点会被相应地忽视,在做这个选择时他将会跟随他的预期或者爱好。然而,这恰恰是不允许做的。在这个选择时,如果他跟随他的预期,那么,他就处在除了发现他已经知道的东西而决不会发现任何东西的危险之中;而如果他跟随他的爱好,那么,他将必定会歪曲他可能感知到的东西。必须不能忘记,我们所听见东西多半是只有后来才能识别它们的含意的东西。
It will be seen that the rule of giving equal notice to everything is the necessary counterpart to the demand made on the patient that he should communicate everything that occurs to him without criticism or selection. If the doctor behaves otherwise, he is throwing away most of the advantage which results from the patient’s obeying the ‘fundamental rule of psycho- analysis’. The rule for the doctor may be expressed: ‘He should withhold all conscious influences from his capacity to attend, and give himself over completely to his "unconscious memory".’ Or, to put it purely in terms of technique: ‘He should simply listen, and not bother about whether he is keeping anything in mind.’ What is achieved in this manner will be sufficient for all requirements during the treatment.
无意识记忆”,或者,单纯以技巧的措辞来说:“他应该仅仅是倾听,并且不要烦恼于他是否在记什么东西。”用这个方式所达到的东西将足以满足治疗中的所有要求。
将会看到,对一切事物给予相等的注意力这条规则必须对应于对病人做的要求,即他应该没有批评没有挑选地传达一切他想到事物。如果医生表现得不是这样,那么,他就是在扔掉大部分的优势,这个优势缘于病人遵守“精神分析的基本规则”。对医生的规则可以表达为:“他应该抑制来所有的来自他的注意能力的意识的影响,而使自己完全屈服于“他的Those elements of the material which already form a connected context will be at the doctor’s conscious disposal; the rest, as yet unconnected and in chaotic disorder, seems at first to be submerged, but rises readily into recollection as soon as the patient brings up something new to which it can be related and by which it can be continued. The undeserved compliment of having ‘a remarkably good memory’ which the patient pays one when one reproduces some detail after a year and a day can then be accepted with a smile, whereas a conscious determination to recollect the point would probably have resulted in failure.
已经形成了一个连贯的脉络的材料的那些部分将会任凭医生的意识处理;那些剩下的部分,当时还是不连贯的、秩序混乱的部分,似乎开始时是潜在水下的(潜在意识之下的),但是,一旦病人谈到某个与之相关的东西,那些混乱的部分就容易浮现在(医生的)回忆中,并且,通过谈到的那个东西,那些混乱的东西就能够继续(浮现)。当整整一年过后我们复述一些细节时,那时病人给予我们的拥有一个“非常好的记忆”这个不应得的称赞,会被(我们)用一个微笑来接受,然而,对于回忆这个要点,一个有意识的决定,将很可能导致(回忆)失败。
Mistakes in this process of remembering occur only at times and places at which one is disturbed by some personal consideration (see below) - that is, when one has fallen seriously below the standard of an ideal analyst. Confusion with material brought up by other patients occurs very rarely. Where there is a dispute with the patient as to whether or how he has said some particular thing, the doctor is usually in the right.