I.INTRODUCTION AND INTRODUCTORY DEFINITION
1、导言和介绍性定义
Freud′s thinking, the unconscious of Freudian topography with its implication of a de-centered theory of subjectivity stands out as the distinctive and radical insight of classical psychoanalysis. While Freud was not the first to use the term, he was the first to give it a crucial and systematic place in his metapsychology and to develop a methodical approach to its various manifestations. Freud (1912a) has given a short excellent account of the grounds for the hypothesis of unconscious psychic processes, pointing to clinical phenomena like posthypnotic suggestion and neurotic, primarily hysterical, symptoms, but also to nonpathological phenomena like jokes, parapraxes and dreams. The assumption of unconscious phenomena can be traced back to the practices of spiritual healing, animism, magnetism, mesmerism, hypnotism and XIX century medical psychology. These practices have in common the dual concept of the mind, which is made of what is observable and, its obverse, i.e., what is hidden and intuitively believed and/or perceived. While in the early years of his career, Freud seems to have embraced this neo-Cartesian dualism, gradually there emerged a conception of a radically different kind of unconscious, one that is not a second consciousness but a series of ongoing “psychical acts” which are qualitatively different from the rational, adult, conscious mind.
The notion of the unconscious has been universally accepted as the foundational discovery of psychoanalysis and a core assumption of psychoanalytic theory since its very beginning. Even though the concept underwent successive transformations in无意识的概念已被普遍接受为精神分析的基础发现,也是精神分析理论之初的核心假设。纵然这个概念在弗洛伊德的思想中承受了连续变化,但是弗洛伊德主义地形说的无意识以其去中心的主体性理论的含义,成为了古典精神分析独特而又激进的洞见。尽管弗洛伊德不是第一个使用这个术语的人,但是,他是第一个在他的元心理学 中赋予了无意识至关重要的系统性地位,并为其诸多表现形式制定了一个有条不紊的方法论。弗洛伊德(1912a)对无意识心理过程假设提出了一个很好的说明,针对的临床现象 ,如催眠后暗示和神经症,主要是歇斯底里的症状,同时也针对非病理性的现象,如笑话、动作倒错和梦想。无意识现象的假设可以追溯到灵性治疗、泛灵论、磁疗、催眠术和十九世纪医学心理学的实践。这些实践贮存的心智双元概念由其观察到的 、以及其对立面构成,即,由隐藏的和本能认为的信念和/或感知构成。弗洛伊德在他职业生涯早期似乎已经接受了这种新笛卡尔式的二元论,逐渐形成了一种完全不同的无意识概念,一种不是次级无意识的、而是一系列不断前行的“心理行为”,这与理性的、成人的意识心智不同。
Psychoanalysts are not alone in their subjugation to the “stranger within”, but they are unique in making the epistemological, clinical, and ethical implications of this disruptive, yet potentially transformative, presence the daily object of study. Absent the notion of unconscious processes, Freud argued, we are at a loss to explain mental phenomena (1915c, pp. 166-171). He "was never tired of insisting upon the arguments in support of it and combating the objections to it" (Strachey, in: Freud, 1915c, p.161).
精神分析学家在征服“内在的陌生人”中并不孤单,但是 ,精神分析学家这种呈现在日常客体研究中的破坏性的、潜在的变革能力,在认识论、临床和伦理学上是独树一帜的。弗洛伊德认为,如果没有无意识过程的概念,我们就无法解释心理现象(1915c,p162-166)。他“从永不厌倦地支持其论据、 并与反对的意见斗争。”(Strachey, in: Freud, 1915c, p.161)。
Freud’s first published use of the term "unconscious" occurred in 1893 in “Studies of Hysteria” (Freud, 1893) and the very last unfinished scrap of his theoretical writing from 1938, entitled “Some Elementary Lessons in Psychoanalysis” (Freud 1940c) is a fresh vindication of the term.
在1893年的《歇斯底里的研究》(Freud, 1893)中 ,弗洛伊德第一次使用了“无意识”这个术语。并且在1938年题为《精神分析的一些基本经验教训》这篇未完成的草稿中为这个术语做了新的辩护。
Summarizing, expanding and updating recent regional dictionaries (Akhtar, 2009; Auchincloss, 2012; Laplanche & Pontalis, 1967/1973; Borensztejn, 2014), the following definition(s), of the Unconscious can be formulated: