爱烈屈拉与俄狄浦斯:母女关系的戏剧
1 Love and hate between mothers and daughters 1
第一章 母女们之间的爱与恨
Electra vs Oedipus: The Drama of the Mother-Daughter Relationship
母女们之间的爱与恨
《爱烈屈拉与俄狄浦斯:母女关系的戏剧》第一章
作者:Hendrika C. Freud
译者:陈明
The character of Electra dates back to ancient Greek mythology. Various playwrights, such as Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, devoted tragedies to her, and, for the latter in particular, mother and daughter are at the heart of the play. Everything that could possibly go wrong between the two of them is described in these works.
爱烈屈拉的人物角色可以追溯到古希腊神话。许多剧作家,如埃斯库罗斯,索福克勒斯和欧里庇得斯,专门讨论了她的悲剧,尤其对于后者,母亲和女儿是该戏的核心。这些作品中描述了她们之间每一件可能发生的错误。
It is not without reason that, through the centuries, even after the classical era, Electra has continued to be an inspiration for many authors. The legendary Electra was far more preoccupied with her mother, whom she hated, than with the father she adored. Agamemnon, her father, had left home ten years before the setting of the play, when he departed for Troy as military commander to fight for the liberation of the beautiful Helen who had been abducted – thereby triggering or actually causing the Trojan War. In the meantime, Electra’s mother Clytemnestra had taken a new lover. Electra feels neglected and rejected by her. She is jealous of her mother but also of her mother’s lover. Excluded from all intimacy, she wanders around the palace, moaning and cursing.
几个世纪以来,即便是古典时代之后,爱列屈拉一直成为许多作者的灵感,这不是没有原因的。传说中的爱列屈拉对他的母亲吹毛求疵,恨她的母亲胜于她所崇拜的父亲。在这部悲剧 开始之前,她的父亲阿伽门农,已于十年前离开了家,当时,他作为特洛伊之战的指挥官,被派遣去解救遭绑架的美丽的海伦——因此而引发或导致了特洛伊战争。在此期间,爱列屈拉的母亲伊莉克特拉已经有了新欢 。爱列屈拉感到被母亲忽视和拒绝。她妒忌母亲,也妒忌母亲的情人。她被排除在所有亲密关系之外,游荡在宫殿之外,悲鸣着,咒骂着。
Electra dislikes her role as a woman. She rebuffs all thoughts of sexuality. She has no desire to marry, and, if that does have to happen, she certainly wants no children. Her histrionic personality inspires loathing from every corner. Electra has become the prototype of a woman with female problems. She is a domineering victim who manages to conceal her insecurity and yearning for motherly love beneath a great deal of noise. She disparages her more feminine sister and uses her brother Orestes as a tool to avenge herself on her mother. Taking revenge on this detested mother is her only goal in life. Her youth, her beauty – she sacrifices them all for this one purpose. After many bitter and sorrowful years, filled with pain, she succeeds in her scheme: her mother is murdered as she pleads for mercy.
爱列屈拉不喜欢她的女性身份。她拒绝所有性欲的想法,也不渴求婚姻,如果真的结婚也不会要孩子。每一处都散发着她那戏剧化人格的厌恶。爱列屈拉 成为了有着女性问题女人的原型。她是一个专横的殉道者,在大量的喧闹底下,她设法掩盖她的不安全感以及对母爱的渴望。她诋毁更女子气的妹妹,并 利用她的哥哥俄瑞斯忒斯,把他当成工具来报复她的母亲。向这个不入眼的妈妈复仇是她一生的唯一目标。她牺牲了自己的青春美貌只为这一个目的。经过多年 怨恨和悲伤的岁月,充斥着伤痛,她的计划成功了,她的母亲因为恳求怜悯而被杀害。
This is a brief outline of the image we see when we look at Electra from the outside. But how does Electra herself experience her dilemmas, what is her psychic reality, what are her unconscious conflicts?
以上是我们从外面观察爱列屈拉所看到的大致轮廓。但是,爱列屈拉是如何体验自己的困境?她的心理现实是什么?她的无意识冲突又是什么?
Briefly told and magnified as only possible in a work of art, the mythical Electra figure shows many of the unconscious preoccupations with which women with problems may be struggling. For instance, the fear of being swallowed up by the powerful mother figure is in conflict with a desperate longing for her love and affection. But masochistic complaints, depression, and sexual inhibitions are frequently manifested as well. All of them are problems that relate back to the very first love object, the mother – just as with Electra.
神话中的爱列屈拉的身影只能在艺术作品中简要的讲述并放大,呈现了具有恋父情结的女人也许正在抗争着的诸多无意识执着。举例来说,被强大的母亲吞噬的恐惧,在爱与亲情之间冲突中绝望的向往。自虐化的控诉,抑郁,性压抑也是常见的现象。所有这些问题都可以追溯到原初的爱的客体——母亲,就像爱列屈拉一样。