www.psychspace.com心理学空间网Kernberg, O.F. (1982). Self, Ego, Affects, and Drives. J. Amer. Psychoanal. Assn., 30:893-917.心理学空间2y!d2w&yNQ g
G
`$C`3P6k3V%rP0(1982). Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association, 30:893-917心理学空间5Kr
TT/z0u:[
Self, Ego, Affects, and Drives
tTk{7H
fz7qc1i0心理学空间Mu:?D9x~,jX
Otto F. Kernberg, M.D.
qC,}!E1u5Fp:E#c5`-b0IN WHAT FOLLOWS I SHALL EXAMINE certain issues having to do with the relation of the ego to the self, clarify my views on early development and structure formation, and suggest a modification of dual instinct theory. These issues will be explored with a particular focus on the psychopathology of narcissism and the classification of nonorganic psychopathology.心理学空间-O*iv|Mi
The Ego and the Self
P4}1~&uK0Terminological Issues心理学空间$Vs1d
F
|TKH&@$idq
A survey of the psychoanalytic literature on theories of the ego and concepts of the self reveals the existence of considerable terminological confusion. That the terms ego and self are sometimes used interchangeably, sometimes carefully distinguished from each other, and at other times treated ambiguously probably is due to the way Freud used these words, the way Strachey translated them, and the subsequent elaborations made on them by others.心理学空间vrjVld6@BU$~5`0?
Freud preserved throughout his writings the German
+j4K*M2i6{f5m zp0—————————————
[Yc9q{G0Medical Director, The New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center, Westchester Division; Professor of Psychiatry, Cornell University Medical College; Training and Supervising Analyst, Columbia University Center for Psychoanalytic Training and Research.心理学空间}ao I]+[ F
Presented at the panel on "Psychoanalytic Theories of the Self," at the Fall Meeting of the American Psychoanalytic Association, New York, December, 1980.
mC"p&U
Y"A$n1Y0- 893 -
a{WV7^
i;g/dG0Ich—"I"—for the ego as both a mental structure and psychic agency, and also for the more personal, subjective, experiential "self." In other words, Freud never separated what we think of as the metapsychological ego from the experiencing self. His ambiguous use of Ich resulted in a sacrifice of clarity and precision, but it kept the meaning of Ichopen-ended.
t1^#|2LS)r:FtBg ~0The ambiguity resulting from Freud's use of Ich was compounded, it seems to me, by Strachey's decision to translate Ichinto "ego." The word ego has an impersonal quality that seems appropriate enough for Freud's structural theory (1923), but less fitting for the more personal, subjective "self."
PC!D_3C|DZ'x6Ke0To illustrate the ways in which Strachey translated Ich: In the general index to Freud's collected papers in German (G. W. 18, p. 557) under Selbst, it says "s. Ich" (see ego). In the "Outline of Psychoanalysis" (G. W., 17, p. 71) he talks about the contrast of "Ichliebe" and "Objektliebe," obviously self-love in contrast to object love. The Standard Edition, however (1940, p. 148), reads, "the contrast between ego-love and object-love."心理学空间W)op)p"lM4^)o2i
In the same work, Freud talks about the alliance between the analyst and the weakened Ich of the patient and says "the sick 'Ich' promises us the fullest honesty … we assure it strict discretion…"The German edition (p. 98) reads:
|7O @3JNeA$}0Der analytische Arzt und das geschwächte Ich des Kranken sollen, an die reale Aussenwelt angelehnt, eine Partei bilden gegen die Feinde, die Triebansprüche des Es und die Gewissensansprüche des berichs. Wir schliessen einen Vertrag miteinander. Das kranke Ich verspricht uns vollste Aufrichtigkeit, d.h. die Verfügung über allen Stoff, den ihm seine Selbstwahrnehmung liefert, wir sichern ihm strengste Diskretion zu und stellen unsere Erfahrung in der Deutung des vom Unbewussten Beeinflussten Materials in seinen Dienst.
e5wWm
Hg/r0The English translation (1940, p. 173) has it: "The sick ego promises us the most complete candour—promises, that is, to put at our disposal all the material which its self-perception yields it; we assure the patient of the strictest discretion and心理学空间z!Q4ViMNQ
- 894 -心理学空间qj,Z S6W;xz
place at his service our experience…" Here the term "sick ego" has been replaced by the assurance of the patient, clearly implying that Ich refers to the whole self. These shifts in the terms utilized in the translation tend to maintain the consistency of the concept of "ego" but do less than justice to Freud's own terminology.
;~@u(ba$W wc.H{0Another passage in the "Outline" is more faithful, and conveys the "self" aspect of Freud's use of the term "ego." Freud states that when the Ich has successfully resisted a temptation it feels elevated or strengthened in its self-esteem and confirmed in its pride.The German reads (p. 137), "Auf der anderen Seite, wenn das Ich einer Versuchung erfolgreich widerstanden hat, etwas zu tun, was dem berich anstössig wäre, fühlt es sich in seinem Selbstgefühl gehoben und in seinem Stolz bestärkt, als ob es eine wertvolle Erwerbung gemacht hätte."The English translation states (1940, p. 206), "On theother hand, if the ego has successfully resisted a temptation to do something which would be objectionable to the super-ego, it feels raised in its self-esteem and strengthened in its pride, as though it had made some precious acquisition."