東吳大學博碩士論文 etd-0130108-095541 詳細資訊
f1]7k9H&g K M0姓名 王淳慧 (Chun-hui Wang) 心理学空间-wV7nS7Nj3a7i
系所名稱 心理學系 (Department of Psychology)
L(}]].{K|o,^:m0學位 碩士 (Master) 學年度／學期 96 學年度第 1 學期
G+aFI[zN,r0論文名稱 廣泛性焦慮疾患的病因機制：「無法忍受不確定性」、「對擔心的負向信念」與「廣泛性焦慮疾患」間關係的探討心理学空间t
M4^m*J5xa8vE
論文名稱(英) The Pathological Mechanism of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The Exploration of Relations among ‘Intolerance of Uncertainty’, ‘Negative Beliefs about Worry’, and ‘Generalized Anxiety Disorder’心理学空间\)@%Fqy{
論文名稱(其他) none
N^-Z2SS$E6c C0檔案
(s e4AYe7D&~0etd-0130108-095541.pdf心理学空间y,To+?6\Q'}Q1g[
本電子全文僅授權使用者為學術研究之目的，進行個人非營利性質之檢索、閱讀、列印。
g H5AE
M$y[B0請遵守中華民國著作權法之相關規定，切勿任意重製、散佈、改作、轉貼、播送，以免觸法。心理学空间G(S G t J C6dP}
學位論文之引用及撰寫，應尊重智慧財產權，不得有抄襲之情事。心理学空间_wl(b^
論文使用權限 同意立即公開
vT.[ pz#C
D0語文別／頁數 中文 ／ 60 頁
1r-Ts?2]0p|;k$]E0統計 本論文已被瀏覽 795 次，被下載 149 次
d J)l&J0aOx0關鍵字(中) 病因 對擔心的負向信念 無法忍受不確定性 廣泛性焦慮疾患 擔心
?]0^AS{w1i0關鍵字(英)心理学空间.lA/yB)_
etiology心理学空间5K!c3l M j%o%{/s
negative believe about worry
tvw)mcK:p0intolerance of uncertainty心理学空间y K-s Q d9Q'Ss[
GAD
{:O8v L"H!I0worry
w%@e"GX8}x|#fk*~0摘要(中) 研究目的： Dugas等人所提出的廣泛性焦慮疾患（GAD）之成因理論及實證研究都支持「無法認受不確定性」會導致GAD。但此理論仍有兩個問題有待釐清：第一、過去相關研究都是以賓州憂慮問卷（PSWQ）來測量GAD，而PSWQ只能測得「過多或過度擔心」，並不能等同於GAD。第二、Dugas並未探討「無法認受不確定性」導致GAD的機制。因此，本研究目的有二：第一、以測量GAD的廣泛焦慮疾患問卷（GADQ-IV）取代PSWQ，以檢驗「無法忍受不確定性」是否可顯著預測「類GAD」。第二，探討「對擔心的負向的信念」是否為「無法忍受不確定性」到GAD的中介必須變項，以確認「無法忍受不確定性」至GAD的機制。
/]2_'\Bqo,? `)Yz0研究方法：本研究採橫斷式研究，以「無法忍受不確定性」量表、監控認知問卷及廣泛焦慮疾患問卷收集資料，研究對象為大學生，有效樣本共333位，資料分析方法以簡單線性及階層式多元回歸分析為主。心理学空间B.C:y*MRo
結果與討論：（1）「無法忍受不確定性」可顯著預測GAD。（2）「對擔心的負向信念」在「無法忍受不確定性」到GAD的歷程中的確扮演著中介必須變項角色，且以「無法控制的負向思考」為「對擔心的負向信念」中最具關鍵性的因素。心理学空间(VK.wh:@C
貢獻：此結果除了釐清GAD的病因機制外，有助於GAD之預防、治療的衡鑑及治療方式。也就是更著重於GAD的「無法忍受不確定性」及「對擔心的負向信念」之衡鑑及處遇。
!e,r `#`QT|}-F!V0摘要(英) Purpose: The GAD etiology proposed by Dugas and the research result had confirmed that the “intolerance of uncertainty” (IU) is a cause of GAD. There are, however, two remaining issues required to clarify. First, all previous studies used PSWQ to measure the level of worry, but PSWQ was intended to measure “excessive worry”, not GAD itself. Second, the mechanism from IU to GAD is still waited to be explored. There are two purposes of this research. First, to measure GAD by GADQ-IV, which concept fit GAD better, instead of PSWQ and to test if “analogous GAD” significantly predicted by IU. Second, to investigate if “negative believe about worry” (NBW) is the mediator between IU and GAD, thus confirms the mechanism from IU to GAD.心理学空间o
[1V-x~W
d1o~dn
Methodology: Three hundred and thirty-three College students were recruited to fill out Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale, Meta-cognitions Questionnaire, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire. Simple regression and stepwise multiple regression were used to analyze data in accordance to Baron and Kenny’s mediator formula.
ndB'v}yx2c&Dv0?1`0Conclusion and discussion: (1) IU can be used to predict GAD significantly. (2) NBW plays a mediator between IU and GAD. The most important factor of NBW is “uncontrollable negative thought”.
S xO c*_GW!FA/h0論文目次 摘要心理学空间6t5~)^n"Nq(M
第一章 緒論 …………………………………………………………… 1
$@lyC'eOPrv0第一節 研究動機與目的 …………………………………………… 1
"XBP4r @F'\4sN0第二節 解釋名詞 …………………………………………………… 4心理学空间M Nl{] ?$uqJ
第二章 文獻探討 ……………………………………………………… 6
7R,GDJ(Vg7Rm0第一節 GAD特殊性及構成要素……………………………………… 6心理学空间]R5f2D!xE%E lu
第二節 「無法忍受不確定性」與GAD的關係……………………… 9心理学空间,A3b(Av*iIp \%]
第三節 GAD病因機制的中介必須變項：「對擔心的負向信念」… 17
p!?Ek*[ilS{%lHT#i0第三章 研究目的與假設 ……………………………………………… 23心理学空间sT] OcOQXP6]C
第四章 研究方法 ……………………………………………………… 24
EG9?_j0第一節 研究對象…………………………………………………… 24心理学空间U,W/i&J.DvZ;[
第二節 研究工具…………………………………………………… 26心理学空间!K~UQj2o4Ls
第三節 研究設計及程序…………………………………………… 32
"G^.R/u^ ^`%h0第四節 資料分析方法……………………………………………… 32
-b~a@!?T0第五章 研究結果……………………………………………………… 34
lX7y!MW U0第一節 研究之描述統計結果……………………………………… 34
k$D!Pmz8dp0第二節 研究之推論統計結果……………………………………… 37心理学空间$U.p!aO s"aW
第六章 討論與建議…………………………………………………… 40
)Z'nlW8t:x){*V0第一節 討論………………………………………………………… 40心理学空间q7q?-I-k%v3^!t nib
第二節 研究限制及未來發展……………………………………… 45心理学空间1?)k nJe*d
第三節 結論………………………………………………………… 46
5Z\8V GO&Oz0參考文獻……………………………………………………………… 47
Sv0Tko:anSu3G&{u0附錄一 廣泛焦慮疾患問卷…………………………………………… 57心理学空间.~4|um5` i
附錄二 「無法忍受不確定性」量表………………………………… 58
?r-Bt+?Bw1C0附錄三 監控認知問卷………………………………………………… 59
m~(vwOw:d0圖目錄
$ZUQG1ta
O0圖一 研究架構圖 ……………………………………………………… 3心理学空间N6e"k:wl
圖二 研究程序圖……………………………………………………… 32心理学空间F u2P[kVR6Pry@
表目錄心理学空间x5gm {xi"[(BU(N-J
表4-1-1 性別及系別分佈表………………………………………… 25
TUfb P Me'`0表4-2-1 「對擔心的負向信念」因素分析表……………………… 29
6`-r2|lq dcPH+]d0表5-1-1 各變項平均數及標準差摘要……………………………… 35
TO(tGf#b!Eee0表5-1-2 各變項間相關之相關矩陣………………………………… 36
yY/Ghy};pI0表5-2-1 驗證「對擔心的負向信念」是否為中介必須變項之迴歸分析表……… 39心理学空间y.AiS)emq
表5-2-2 驗證「無法控制的負向思考」是否為中介必須變項之迴歸分析表…… 39心理学空间'U/ihp4?
參考文獻 中文部份：
v&O0Y._(d"q0洪國翔、馮煥光（民90）。成年人廣泛性焦慮症之診斷與治療。臨床醫學，47(1)，頁44-49。心理学空间$}J.yR
K gT\CZ^3M
鄧閔弘、翁嘉英、李毅達（民92）。憂慮的正向預期與憂慮程度之間的關係。中華心理衛生學刊，十六卷，第三期，頁61-78。心理学空间y\/\
|!G$w't7^(l
英文部分：
Y N]}i8s,j0American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.心理学空间'Ijv(cQaW5o
American Psychiatric Association (1987). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Rev. 3rd ed.). Washington, DC: Author.心理学空间
AGtv'L5{+J}U
American Psychiatric Association (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.心理学空间~.r/^)W/Y
Andre, H., Beurskens, H. M , Kant, I. J., Davey, G. C. L., Field, A. P., & Schayck, C. P. (2004). The relation between pathological worrying and fatigue in a working population. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57, 399-407.心理学空间 V},[Dq r `P
Barlow, D. H. (2002). The origins of anxious apprehension, anxiety disorders, and related emotional disorders. In D. H. Barlow (Eds.), Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.心理学空间LNsRw Vo
Barlow, D. H., & Durand, V. M. (2005). Anxiety disorders. In D. H. Barlow & V. M. Durand (Eds.), Abnormal Psychology, an Integrated Approach (pp. 127-130). Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsowth.
)N&m0ms"MF0Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.
P8H `$c z I0Becker, E. S., Goodwin, R., Holting, C., Hoyer, J., & Margraf, J. (2003). Content of worry in the community: What do people with generalized anxiety disorder or other disorders worry about?. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 191, 688-691.心理学空间8i Iq^4IT3JZS7R
Becker, E. S., Rinck, M., Roth, W. T, Margraf, J. (1998). Don't worry and beware of white bears: thought suppression in anxiety patients. Anxiety Disorders, 12, 39–55.心理学空间` OEXK[]
Behara, E., Alcaineb, O., Zuellig, A. R., & Borkovec, T. D. (2003). Screening for generalized anxiety disorder using the Penn State Worry Questionnaire: A receiver operating characteristic analysis. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 34, 25-43.
\s!S9[ X0Belanger, L., Morin, C. M, Langlois, F., & Ladouceur, R. (2004). Insomnia and generalized anxiety disorder: Effects of cognitive behavior therapy for gad on insomnia symptoms. Anxiety Disorders, 18, 561-571.
-qfg/bZ~0Boehnke, K., Schwartz, S., Stromberg, C., & Sagiv, L. (1998). The structure and dynamics of worry: Theory, measurement, and cross-national replications. Journal of Personality, 66, 745-782.
r3]"gm}pa0Borkovec, T.D. (1994). The nature, functions and origins of worry. In. G. C. L Davey & F. Tallis (Eds.), Worrying: Perspectives in theory, assessment and treatment (pp. 5-34). Chichester, UK: wiley.
-B1r"Ig i#Y;|Q0Borkovec, T. D., Alcaine, O., & Behar, E. (2004). Avoidance theory of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. In R. G. Heimberg, C. L. Turk, & D. S. Mennin (Eds.), Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice. New York: Guilford Pre.
?{9j"H0c1K,nS5t0Borkovec, T. D., Ray, W. J., & Stober, J. (1998). Worry: a cognitive phenomenon intimately linked to affective, physiological, and interpersonal behavioral processes. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22, 561-576.心理学空间 l4LA ]r~c
Borkovec, T. D., Robinson, E., Pruzinsky, T., & DePree, J. A. (1983). Preliminary exploration of worry: Some characteristics and processes. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 21, 9-16.心理学空间zSRI,EX }
Borkovec, T. D., & Roemer, L. (1995). Perceived functions of worry among generalised anxiety subjects: Distraction from more emotionally distressing topics?. Behaviour Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26, 25-30.心理学空间(O,y,K\X_$qkTq
Bourland, S. L., Stanley, M. A., Snyder, A. G., Novy, D. M., Beck, J. G., Averill, P. M., et al, (2000). Quality of life in older adults with Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Aging and Mental Health, 4, 315-23.
VV0d A%e6~0Brown, T. A., O'Leary, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (2001). Generalized Anxiety Disorder. In D. H. Barlow. (Eds.), Clinical Handbook of Psychological Disorders, Third Edition: A Step-by-Step Treatment Manual. New York: Guilford Press.
/^zkn
@y0Bruin, G. O., Rassin, E., Muris, P. (2007). The prediction of worry in non-clinical individuals: the role of intolerance of uncertainty, meta-worry, and neuroticism. J. Psychopathol Behav Assess, 29, 93-100.心理学空间l-f"[8Ox!D
Buhr, K., & Dugas, M. J. (2006). Investigating the construct validity of intolerance of uncertainty and its unique relationship with worry. Anxiety Disorders, 20, 222-236.
4@ m7o*mh p0Cartwright-Hatton, S., Mather, A., Illingworth, V., Brocki, J., Harrington, R., & Wells, A. (2004). Development and preliminary validation of the Meta-cognitions Questionnaire-Adolescent Version. Anxiety Disorders, 18, 411-422.心理学空间'nO*STE.J
Cartwright-Hatton, S., & Wells, A. (1997). Beliefs about worry and intrusions: The Metacognitions Questionnaire. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 279-315.心理学空间1rk.FQoV
Chelminski, I., & Zimmerman, M. (2003). Pathological worry in depressed and anxious patients. Anxiety Disorders, 17, 533-546.心理学空间!c(}3S7S;WU |(_
Constans, J. I. (2001). Worry propensity and the perception of risk. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 721-729.
#jM)V+G
FR%MW0Davey, C. L. (1994). Pathological worrying as exacerbated problem solving. In: C. L. Davey & F. Tallis (Eds.), Worrying: Perspectives on Theory, Assessment and Treatment. Chichester, UK: Wiley.
9n%h2@s1uEH0Davey, C. L., Startup, H. M., MacDonald, C. B., Jenkins, D., & Patterson, K. (2005). The use of "as many as can" versus "feel like continuing" stop rules during worrying. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 155-169.心理学空间G2SQk!f5T3~
Davey, C. L., Tallis, F., & Capuzzo, N. (1996). Beliefs about the consequences of worrying. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 20, 499-520.心理学空间LI-lv },Knj1`H
Davis, R. N., & Valentiner, D. P. (2000). Does meta-cognitive theory enhance our understanding of pathological worry and anxiety?. Personality and Individual Differences, 29, 513-526.心理学空间%y]Gvz^(A
Diefenbach, G. J., Stanley, M. A., & Beck, J. G. (2001). Worry content reported by older adults with and without generalized anxiety disorder. Aging and Mental Health, 5, 269-274.
C
Hc Xf"R0Dugas, M. J., Buhr, K., & Ladouceur, R. (2004). The role of intolerance of uncertainty in etiology and maintenance. In R. G. Heimberg, C. L. Turk, & D. S. Mennin (Eds.), Generalized anxiety disorder: advances in research and practice. New York: Guilford Press.
t?3b*b&I6gjhm0Dugas, M. J., Gosselin, P., & Ladouceur, R. (2001). Intolerance of uncertainty and worry: Investigating specificity in a nonclinical Sample. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 25, 551-558.
1D|&}8\RG-Me3u1e0Dugas, M. J., Gagnon, F., Ladouceur, R., & Freeston, M. H. (1998). Generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary test a conceptual model. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 215-226.心理学空间}?9yl0u
Dugas, M. J., Freeston, M. H., & Ladouceur, R. (1997). Intolerance of uncertainty and problem orientation in worry. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 21, 593-606.心理学空间,C
_r%T~;kQ[Sm
Dugas, M. J., Hedayati, M., Karavidas, A, Buhr, K., Francis, K., & Phillips, N. A. (2005). Intolerance of uncertainty and information processing: evidence of biased recall and interpretations. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 57-70.心理学空间 ] l$M J m
Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (2000). Treatment of GAD: Targeting intolerance of uncertainty in two types of worry. Behaviour Modification, 24, 635-657.心理学空间y&KNIk?)l7R
Dugas, M. J., Ladouceur, R., Leger, E., & Freeston, M. H. (2003). Group cognitive behavioral therapy for generalized anxiety disorder: Treatment outcome and long-term follow-up. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 71, 821-825.心理学空间$l h(Q{)C
Dugas, M. J., Marchand, A., & Ladouceur, R. (2005). Further validation of a cognitive-behavioral model of generalized anxiety disorder: Diagnostic and symptom specificity. Anxiety Disorders, 19, 329-343.
KKLXvi8juw0Dugas, M. J., & Robichaud, M. (2007). Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder. New York : Routledge.心理学空间;F:w$Y{s
Dugas, M. J., Savard, P., Gaudet, A., Turcotte, J., Laugesen, N, Robichaud, M., et. al. (2007). Can the components of a cognitive model predict the severity of Generalized Anxiety Disorder?. Behavior Therapy, 38, 169-178.心理学空间1q-fx(jb6W.w
Dugas, M. J., Schwartz, A., & Francis, K. (2004). Intolerance of uncertainty, worry, and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28, 835-842.
}TM0]i8?}&b8S0Dupuy, J. B., Beaudoin, S., Rheaume, J., Ladouceur, R., & Dugas, M. J. (2001). Worry: Daily self-report in clinical and non-clinical Populations. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 1249-1255.
X!k!l u?3QV$@0Eng, W., & Heimberg, R. G. (2006). Interpersonal correlates of Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Self versus other perception. Anxiety Disorders, 20, 380-387.
:ap}7V$Wi4Z`%M0Fresco, D. M., Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., & Turk, C. L. (2003). Using the Penn State Worry Questionnaire to identify individuals with generalized anxiety disorder: A receiver operating characteristic analysis. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 34, 285-293.心理学空间:Y U9F9]7s,Ou
Freeston, M., Rheaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people worry?. Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 791-802.心理学空间;SG dq:yD4{/H&Z
Gladstone, G., & Parker, G. (2003). What's the use of worrying? Its function and its dysfunction. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 347-354.心理学空间2I"n` mWhC"v
Gorwood, P. (2004). Generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder comorbidity: an example of genetic pleiotropy? European Psychiatry, 19, 27-33. Abstract obtained from Acta Psychiatr Scand, 393, 1998, (Suppl):6-11.心理学空间+@ at,C*V)}7e9M8b
Hazlett-Stevens, H., & Craske, M. G. (2003). The catastrophizing worry process in generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary investigation of an analog population. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 31, 387-401.心理学空间0kN0@ZQf+JU)|(C0G
Harvey, A. G. (2003). Beliefs about the utility of presleep worry: an investigation of individuals with insomnia and good sleepers. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 403-414.心理学空间d FD,~vBf+W/uwW
Harvey, A. G. & Greenall, E. (2003). Catastrophic worry in primary insomnia. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry , 34, 11-23.
zE9fE
a'HI,@0Holaway, R. M., Rodebaugh, T. L., & Heimberg, R. G. (2006). The epidemiology of worry and generalized anxiety disorder. In G. C. L. Davey and A. Wells (Eds.), Worry and Its Psychological Disorders: Theory, Assessment and Treatment. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
y(L9@FJ)iy0Hoyer, J., Becker, E. S., & Roth, W. T. (2001). Characteristics of worry in GAD patients, Social Phobics and Controls. Depression and anxiety, 13, 89-96.
fyA/l4r$g0Hunta, S., Wisockia, P., & Yanko, J. (2003). Worry and use of coping strategies among older and younger adults. Anxiety Disorders, 17, 547-560.心理学空间7K#~^-q(ag]
Kelly, W. E. (2002). Some evidence for nonpathological and pathological worry as separate constructs: An investigation of worry and boredom. Personality and Individual Differences, 33, 345-354.心理学空间3c/O*AQ!PF5j#cI
Koerner, N., & Dugas, M. J. (2006). A cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder: the role of intolerance of uncertainty. In G. C. L. Davey & A. Wells (Eds.), Worry and Its Psychological disorders: theory, assessment and treatment. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
d%wM^ l._-w0Koerner, N., Hedayati, M., & Dugas, M. J. (2004, September). Intolerance of uncertainty and processing of ambiguous and emotionally-evocative pictures. European Association of Behavioural and Cognitive Therapies, 7-11,Manchester, UK.
G;oT l6iR3fv)~+e0Ladouceur, R., Gosselin, P., & Dugas, M. J. (2000). Experimental manipulation of intolerance of uncertainty: a study of a theoretical model of worry. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 933-941.心理学空间 DU8K*?{
Ladouceur, R., Leger, E., Dugas, M. J., & Freeston, M. H. (2004). Cognitive behavioral treatment of generalized anxiety disorder for older adults. International Psychogeriatrics , 16, 195-207.
?4_Aa
h8S0Laguna, L. B., Ham, L. S., Hope, D. A., & Bell, C. (2004). Chronic worry as avoidance of arousal. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28, 269-281.心理学空间,jK%] xaf,KA
Laugesen, N., Dugas, M. J., & Bukowski, W. M. (2003). Understanding adolescent worry: the application of a cognitive model. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 55-64.心理学空间ExW
Sq"?'@ J$K xY
Macleod, C., & Rutherford, E. (2004). Information-processing approaches: Assessing the selective functioning. of attention, interpretation, and retrieval. In R. G. Heimberg, C. L. Turk, & D. S. Mennin (Eds.), Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice. New York: Guilford Press.
&N&H0ih$jT_0Mathews, A. (1990). Why worry? The cognitive function of anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 455-468.
:`3r1|)g,I0Mathews, A, & Macleod, C. (1994). Cognitive approached to emotion and emotion disorders. Annual Review of Psychology, 45, 25-50.

r`%x;T{&Z0Mathews, A., & Milroy, R. (1994). Effects of priming and suppression of worry. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 843–850.
8?/A7j6gvx-@0Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., & Turk, C. L. (2004). Clinical Presentation and Diagnostic Features. In R. G. Heimberg, C. L. Turk, & D. S. Mennin (Eds.), Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice. New York: Guilford Press.
;g0T(w#wKKSk2it?!o0Meyer, T. J., Miller, M. L., Metzger, R. L., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Development and validation of the Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 487-495.
G'[B'W igSz.J.wA0Mineka, S. (2002). The positive and nagtive consequences of worry in the aetiology of generalized anxiety disorder: A learning theory perspective. In J. Yiend (Ed.), Cognition, Emotion and Psychopathology: Theoretical, empirical and clinical directions. Cambridge, UK.心理学空间mFUI0U:y
Newman, M. G., Zuellig, A. R., Kachin, K. E., Constantino, M. J., Przeworski, A., Erickson, T., et al. (2002). Preliminary reliability and validity of The Generalized Anxiety Disorder Questionnaire-IV: A revised self-report diagnostic measure of generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy, 33, 215-233.心理学空间0S,L5f(oOE7i
Norton, P. J., Sexton, K. A., Walker, J. R., & Norton, G. R. (2005). Hierarchical model of vulnerabilities for anxiety: Replication and extension with a clinical sample. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 34, 50-63.
DG8Uj$KX,{!HP0Nuevo, R., Montorio, I., & Borkovec, T. D. (2004). A test of the role of meta-worry in the prediction of worry severity in an elderly sample. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 35, 209-218.心理学空间 f$e/e"^*V4J5F^
Nutt, D., Argyropoulos, S., Hood, S., & Potokar J. (2006).Generalized anxiety disorder: A comorbid disease. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 16, 109-118. Abstract obtained from Arch. Gen. Psychiatry, 51, 1994, 355-364.
_ B9F0ve!\6? d6\b|@0Papageorgiou1, C., & Wells, A. (1999). Process and meta-cognitive dimensions of depressive and anxious thoughts and relationships with emotional intensity. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 6, 156-162.心理学空间_,M:p(t`6g4?1d
Pruzinsky , T., & Borkovec, T. D. (1990). Cognitive and personality characteristics of worriers. Behaviour Research Therapy, 28, 507-512.

WA/um4f(f1I1h+f0Purdon, C., & Harrington, J. (2006). Worry in psychopathology. In G. C. L. Davey and A. Wells (Eds.), Worry and Its Psychological Disorders: Theory, Assessment and Treatment. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.心理学空间T4k+d"Cr
Rassin, E., Muris, P. (2005). Indecisiveness and the interpretation of ambiguous situations. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 1285-1291.心理学空间6F;{}!q/F7U,[
Riskind, J. H. (2005). Cognitive mechanisms in generalized anxiety disorder: A second generation of theoretical perspectives. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 1-5.
ajx0tUO
h0Riskind, J. H., & Williams, N. L. (2005). The looming cognitive style and generalized anxiety disorder: Distinctive danger schemas and cognitive phenomenology. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 7-27.心理学空间_,P]l y/Z
Roberts, N. M., Gervais, N. J., & Dugas, M. J. (2006, June). Intolerance of Uncertainty in Analogue Generalized Anxierty Disorder and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Replication and Extension. Poster presented at the 67th Annual Convention of the Canadian Psychological Association, Calgary, AB.
o:x2{Pb%}z"`
P0Robichaud, M., Dugas, M. J., & Conway, M. (2003). Gender differences in worry and associated cognitive-behavioral variables. Anxiety Disorders, 17, 501-516.心理学空间 r*iz"HW
Roemer, L., Borkovec, M., Posa, S., & Borkovec, T. D. (1995). A self-report diagnostic measure of generalized anxiety disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26, 345-350.
9Lr"}/wm].hGN0Roemer, L., Molina, S., & Borkovec, T. D. (1997). An investigation of worry content among generally anxious individuals. Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 185, 314-319.
;Tn-IwD0Roemer, L., Orsillo, S. M., & Barlow, D.H. (2002). Generalized anxiety disorder. In D. H. Barlow (Ed.). Anxiety and its disorders: The nature and treatment of anxiety and panic. New York: Guilford Press.心理学空间.VQ@ {ib \Qa
Roemer, L., Salters, K., Raffa, S. D., & Orsillo, S. M. (2005). Fear and avoidance of internal experiences in GAD: Preliminary tests of a conceptual model. Behaviour Therapy and Research, 29, 71-88.心理学空间s)] e*_dY%b
Ruscio, A. M. (2002). Delimiting the boundaries of generalized anxiety disorder: Differentiating high worriers with and without GAD. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 16, 377-400.心理学空间y6d`G
qtE
Ruscio, A. M., & Borkovec, T. D. (2004). Experience and appraisal of worry among high worriers with and without generalized anxiety disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 1469-1482.
J0}x}Ft/cBq0Ruscio, A. M., Borkovec, T. D., & Ruscio, J. (2001). A taxometric investigation of the latent structure of worry. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 110, 413-422.
nq"]*j[*F0Sexton, K. A., Norton, P. J., Walker, J. R., & Norton, G. R. (2003). Hierarchical model of generalized and specific vulnerabilities in anxiety. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 32, 82-94.
cVo!]/I"gL%F0Starcevic, V. (1995). Pathological worry in major depression: A preliminary report. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 55-56.心理学空间G`,J;a7x
Stein, M. B., & Heimberg, R. G. (2004). Well-being and life-satisfaction in generalized anxiety disorder: Comparison to major depressive disorder in a community sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 79, 161-167.
sA] Jp9D3@0Stober, J. (1999). Somatic symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder from the DSM-IV: Associations with pathological worry and depression symptoms in a nonclinical sample. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 13, 491-503.心理学空间&`S'dgB7xp B*Sc
Stober, J., & Borkovec, T. D. (2002). Reduced concreteness of worry in generalized anxiety disorder: Findings from a therapy study. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 26, 89-96.
@@#G;^.N tpW)V0Tallis, F., Davey, C. L., & Capuzzo, N. (1994). The phenomenology of non-pathological worry: A preliminary investigation. In: G. C. L. Davey & F. Tallis (Eds.), Worrying: Perspectives on Theory, Assessment and Treatment. Chichester, UK: Wiley.心理学空间#CcJR1` a'[0M
Wells, A. (1999). A cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior modification, 23, 526-555.心理学空间Dai5^ II7X;B+s4k
Wells, A. (2004). A cognitive model of GAD: Meta-cognations and pathological worry. In R. G. Heimberg, C. L. Turk, & D. S. Mennin (Eds.), Generalized anxiety disorder: Advances in research and practice. New York: Guilford Press.心理学空间7x%A$Z B%tJ4_
Wells, A. (2005). The metacognitive model of GAD: Assessment of meta-worry and relationship with DSM-IV generalized anxiety disorder. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 107-121.心理学空间#OX#U0d VQ
Wells, A. (2006). The meta-cognitive model of worry and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. In G. C. L. Davey and A. Wells (Eds.), Worry and Its Psychological Disorders: Theory, Assessment and Treatment. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
9x QbL&Q[0Wells, A. (2007). Cognition about cognition: metacognitive therapy and change in Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Social Phobia. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 14, 18-25.心理学空间|,a_(]_O0A
Wells, A., & Carter, K. (1999). Preliminary tests of a cognitive model of generalised anxiety Disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37, 585-594.心理学空间;Fz{|"T\ Y n
Wells, A., & Carter, K. (2001). Further tests of a cognitive model of generalized anxiety disorder: Metacognitions and worry in GAD, panic disorder, social phobia, depression, and non-patients. Behavior Therapy, 32, 85-102.心理学空间X p%I$H{] _:J
Wells, A., & Cartwright-Hatton, S. (2004). A short form of the metacognitions questionnaire: properties of the MCQ-30. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 385-396.心理学空间g H$e#fmu$a6Rb
Wells, A., & Davies,M. (1994). The Thought ControlQuestionnaire: Ameasure of individual differences in the control of unwanted thoughts. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 32, 871–878.
_?z:o9m0Wells, A., & Papageorgiou, C. (1999). Relationships between worry, obsessive-compulsive symptoms and meta-cognitive beliefs. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 899-913.
b|.J.f5L"E*sGn0Wetherell, J. L., Le Roux, H., & Gatz, M. (2003). DSM-IV Criteria for generalized anxiety disorder in older adults: Distinguishing the worried from the well. Psychology and Aging, 18, 622-627.
,U9N[|%|y8QMQ0Wetherella, J. L., Thorp, S. R., Patterson, T. L., Golshana, S., Jeste, D. V., & Gatzb, M. (2004). Quality of life in geriatric generalized anxiety disorder: A preliminary investigation. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 38, 305-312.心理学空间:?$pg)d#[ aUl}`
指導教授/口試委員 * 依職稱與姓名排序心理学空间D&zp#p;kf
~
張本聖 - 指導教授
:^/G+_JfNFa)W0王叢桂 - 口試委員心理学空间a1v-y7V%lc C
楊建銘 - 口試委員
0Po+V Dz"ei0繳交日期 2008-01-30